Torrance Journal for Applied Creativity

Predicting Adult Innovation
Adult creative productivity in a
wide variety of studies is predicted by a
complex combination of personality factors,
cognitive abilities, relevant domain
expertise, motivation, and sociological
and contextual influences.
Personality Factors
Some personality traits seem
characteristic of creative people across
domains (Runco, 1999). These traits
include broad interests, independence
of judgment, autonomy, and openness
to experience. Openness to experience
is consistently correlated with measures
of creativity. Openness to Experience,
the most common personality trait
among creative individuals, is defined
as curiosity, a preference for novelty, enjoyment
of aesthetic experiences, needs
for sentience and understanding, and a
higher than average capacity for absorption
(Costa & McCrae, 1992).
In a meta-analysis that explored
personality traits in scientific and artistic
creativity, Feist (1998) linked personality
findings to the Big Five personality
factors: Neuroticism, Extroversion,
Openness to Experience, Agreeability,
and Conscientiousness. Feist found
that across both artistic and scientific
domains, creative individuals were
characterized by high openness to new
experiences, low agreeability (nonconforming),
and low conscientiousness.
In a study by Batey, Chamorro-Premuzik,
and Furnham (2010),
facets of the Big Five Personality Factors—in
particular, three of Openness
to Experience (Aesthetics, Actions, and
Ideas), two of Neuroticism (Angry Hostility
and negative Vulnerability), and
two of Conscientiousness (Competence
and negative Deliberation)—provide
a nuanced profile of the personality of
creative individuals.
Csikzentmihalyi (1996), in his
study of 100 eminently creative individuals,
found similar core characteristics
in the creative people he interviewed.
He added to the above list of core
characteristics the ability to reconcile
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opposites and most important, the
ability to experience flow consciousness.
Flow consciousness, which has been
studied in depth mainly in the areas of
sports psychology and the performing
arts, has been found to be a state of
mind claimed by creative, high performers—an
optimal state of consciousness,
where the person is fully immersed in
what he or she is doing. The creative
individual experiences great absorption,
engagement, and challenge—and
all other needs and sensory input are
ignored. Capacity for absorption (Manmiller,
Kumar, & Pekala, 2005) may be
an important characteristic of creative
people that leads to flow consciousness.
Whether flow consciousness is a personality
trait, attentional characteristic, or
ability is unknown.
Creativity is often assessed
without regard to the domain of work.
Ivcevic and Mayer (2006) addressed this
issue by performing a hierarchical cluster
analysis with a group of 40 young
adults to determine if there were distinct
types of creative domain clusters based
on different personality traits, emotions
and motivation, cognition, social
expression, and self-regulation. Their
analysis yielded four profiles of creative
traits and behaviors that discriminated
between the conventional person, the
everyday creative person, the artist, and
the scholar. People they labeled as creative
were characterized by openness to
experience, creative role (such as artist
or writer), persistence, trait hypomania
(the ability to work with intense energy
in a specific area of study for long periods
of time), and intellectual curiosity.
A scholar cluster of traits also emerged
which included risk-taking, divergent
thinking, and intrinsic motivation. Ivsevic
and Mayer suggested that “results
related to both specificity and generality
point to the need to better understand
different kinds of creativity. Since most
creativity appears to be rather domain
specific, it is useful to assess creativity in
specific domains and make conclusions
limited to those domains” (p.80).
Highly creative adolescents
often have equally strong vocational
interests in Investigative and Artistic
careers. In addition, artists and scientists
have in common high scores in Openness
to Experience on Big Five personality
tests. This combination of vocational
interests and personality was the most
common profile found in cluster analyses
and principal components analyses
in two cohorts of creative students (n =
485) at the Counseling Laboratory for
the Exploration of Optimal States (Kerr
& McKay, 2013); preliminary analyses
with 190 new participants added
indicate the same trend. Artistic people
do not usually conform to conventions,
are original, and need low cognitive
structure to create, while investigative
individuals prefer theories and ideas,
enjoy thinking, and conduct thorough
analyses (Holland, 1996). These students,
who may feel that they are forced
to choose between their artistic and
scientific interests, may be the students
most likely to become innovators who
can integrate arts and technology in the
emerging careers in synthetic fields such
as videogame development, lifestyle
apps, solar and light design, and home
robotics.
Amina Schmidt