ENFORCEMENT

SECTION 1 CONTENTS
THE GLOBAL SCALE OF INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY THEFT AND ITS UNLAWFUL EXPLOITATION
BY THIRD PARTIES POSES SERIOUS THREATS TO U.S. NATIONAL INTERESTS
A. The Economic Scope and Magnitude of Counterfeiting, Commercial Piracy, and Trade
Secret Theft: A Global Perspective..................................................................................................................19
1. Assessments of the Scale and Economic Impact of Counterfeiting and Commercial Piracy.......................20
2. Assessments of the Scale and Economic Impact of Trade Secret Theft......................................................21
B. The Complex and Sophisticated Nature of Commercial Piracy, Counterfeiting and Trade
Secret Theft in the Modern Era.........................................................................................................................21
1. Schemes Employed for the Unlawful Exploitation of Digital Content.........................................................21
2. Schemes Employed to Facilitate Illicit Trade in Counterfeit Goods............................................................26
3. The Targeting and Theft of Trade Secrets....................................................................................................31
C. The Theft and Unlawful Exploitation of Intellectual Property as Threats to U.S. National Interests........32
1. Undermines Principles of Fair Trade in the Global Economy......................................................................32
2. Threatens Consumer Health and Safety......................................................................................................33
Example: Counterfeit Personal Care Products......................................................................................33
Example: Counterfeit Consumer Electronics & Electrical Products.......................................................34
Example: Counterfeit Pharmaceuticals..................................................................................................35
Example: Counterfeit Automotive Parts................................................................................................37
3. Threatens the Environment..........................................................................................................................38
4. Exploits Labor..............................................................................................................................................39
5. Poses Threats to Domestic and International Security................................................................................40
a. The Integrity of Supply Chains and Critical Infrastructures................................................................41
b. The Convergence between Intellectual Property-Based Crime
and the Financing of Criminal and Terror Networks...........................................................................42