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Fundamental Food Microbiology, Third Edition - Fuad Fathir

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INDICATORS OF BACTERIAL PATHOGENS 437<br />

suitability of several bacterial groups has been considered and this aspect has been<br />

discussed in this chapter. It is apparent that selection of a suitable indicator and its<br />

level may change with food types and for raw, processed, and ready-to-eat food.<br />

\<br />

REFERENCES<br />

1. Hitchins, A.D., Hartman, P.A., and Todd, E.C.D., Coliforms: Escherichia coli and its<br />

toxins, in Compendium of Methods for the Microbiological Examination of <strong>Food</strong>s,<br />

3rd ed., Vanderzant, C. and Splittstoesser, D.F., Eds., American Public Health Association,<br />

Washington, D.C., 1992, p. 325.<br />

2. Krieg, N.R. and Holt, J.G., Eds., Bergey's Manual of Systematic Bacteriology, Vol.<br />

1, Williams & Wilkins, Baltimore, MD, 1984, p. 408.<br />

3. Foegeding, P.M. and Ray, B., Repair and detection of injured microorganisms, in<br />

Compendium of Methods for the Microbiological Examination of <strong>Food</strong>, 3rd ed.,<br />

Vanderzant, C. and Splittstoesser, D.F., Eds., American Public Health Association,<br />

Washington, D.C., 1992, p. 121.<br />

4. Splittstoesser, D.F., Indicator organisms of frozen blanded vegetables, <strong>Food</strong> Technol.,<br />

37(6), 105, 1983.<br />

5. Tompkin, R.B., Indicator organisms in meat and poultry products, <strong>Food</strong> Technol.,<br />

37(6), 107, 1983.<br />

6. Reinbold, G.W., Indicator organisms in dairy products, <strong>Food</strong> Technol., 37(6), 111,<br />

1983.<br />

7. Matches, J.R., and Abeyta, C., Indicator organisms in fish and shellfish, <strong>Food</strong> Technol.,<br />

37(6), 114, 1983.<br />

8. Hartman, P.A., Deibel, R.H., and Sieverding, L.M., Enterococci, in Compendium of<br />

Methods for the Microbiological Examination of <strong>Food</strong>s, 3rd ed., Vanderzant, C. and<br />

Splittstoesser, D.F., Eds., American Public Health Association, Washington, D.C.,<br />

1992, p. 523.<br />

9. Schleifer, K.H. and Kilpper-Bälz, R., Molecular and chemotoxonomic approaches to<br />

the classification of streptococci, enterococci and lactococci: a review, Syst. Appl.<br />

Microbiol., 10, 1, 1987.<br />

10. Hackney, C.R., Ray, B., and Speck, M., Repair detection procedure for enumeration<br />

of fecal coliforms and enterococci from seafoods and marine environments, Appl.<br />

Environ. Microbiol., 37, 947, 1979.<br />

11. Hartman, P.A., Reinbold, G.W., and Saraswat, D.S., Indicator organisms: a review,<br />

II, The role of enterococci in food poisoning, J. Milk <strong>Food</strong> Technol., 28, 344, 1966.<br />

QUESTIONS<br />

1. Discuss the need of using indicator bacteria for enteric pathogens in food.<br />

2. List with brief explanations six criteria that should be considered in selecting an<br />

indicator of enteric pathogens.<br />

3. Which foodborne pathogens are generally not considered enteric? Why? What<br />

could be done to determine their possible presence in a food?<br />

4. What are some similarities and differences in characteristics between coliforms<br />

and fecal coliforms? What is the significance of their presence in high numbers

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