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276 PrOCeedINgS OF THe CALIFOrNIA ACAdeMy OF SCIeNCeS Series 4, Volume 63, No. 8 PreVIOUS PLANT COLLeCTOrS Botanical exploration in the Black Mountains apparently began during the 19 th century with collections of Ericameria cuneata var. spathulata and Ericameria teretifolia (Chrysothamnus teretifolius) from Union Pass by edward Palmer in 1870 (Kearney et al. 1960). According to McVaugh (1956), in 1870, Palmer traveled from Fort whipple, in the vicinity of Prescott, across the desert to Fort Mohave on the Colorado river. Presumably he followed the Fort Mohave– Prescott road, which crosses the Black Mountains at Union Pass (Paulsen 2010). Between 13 and 21 May 1884, Marcus e. Jones made 70 collections in the vicinity of yucca just outside the southeast boundary of the flora area (Lenz 1986:397); that year he described the desert around yucca as “. . . a perfect garden in all directions, never was as good for 20 years afterwards.” A search of the Southwest environmental Information Network (SeINet 2016) indicates that the early 20 th century was a rather active period for collecting even in as remote an area as the Black Mountains. The majority of collections from this period were from the Oatman-Sitgreaves Pass area. Frank A. Thackery, an agriculturist with the U.S. department of Agriculture’s Bureau of Plant Industry, collected 8 specimens from Oatman in 1927 and 1928. On 22 March 1931, george John Harrison, with the U.S. department of Agriculture Field Station in Sacaton, Arizona, made 18 additional collections near Oatman. That same year, Alice eastwood, curator of botany at the California Academy of Sciences, also collected in the Oatman area. According to her collection notes in the archives at the Academy, she collected 83 specimens in Oatman during 20–21April and 23 specimens on the road to Oatman on 16 May. Thomas H. Kearney and robert H. Peebles, botanists with the U.S. department of Agriculture, collected 24 specimens from the “Black Ute Mountains” in the vicinity of Oatman on the following dates: 23 March 1931, 19 April 1935, 18–19 September 1935, and 16 April 1937. On 14 April 1937, Bassett Maguire, then at Cornell University, and Andrew Alexander Nichol, with the Agricultural experiment Station at the University of Arizona, collected 30 specimens in the Cool Springs area on the east side of the Black Mountains. On 1 October 1940, Nichol made a few additional collections in Union Pass at the northern boundary of the flora area. On 1 and 15 April 1941, Joseph F. Arnold, also with the Agricultural experiment Station at the University of Arizona, collected in Oatman, Secret Pass, and on the east side of the Black Mountains. On 16 October 1943, botanist Charlotte goodding reeder collected Pluchea odorata in the goldroad region just east of Sitgreaves Pass. Allen r. Phillips, a well-known ornithologist and co-author of The Birds of Arizona (Phillips et al. 1964) collected Quercus turbinella below Union Pass on 26 November 1947. John Thomas Howell, a curator of botany at the California Academy of Sciences, collected Larrea tridentata and Stephanomeria pauciflora in the vicinity of Oatman on 29 May 1950. during the latter half of the 20 th century numerous botanists (other than the authors) made additional collections from the Black Mountains, including: J. Anderson, r. J. Barr, J. Biggs, C. Carter, C. Christy, C. edgar, S. Ferrier, r. Haberle, H. Hammond, g. Helmkamp and F. Helmkamp, r. Hevly, w. Hodgson, M. Hovezak, S. Ickert-Bond, e. Lehto, B. Marshall, C. Michaels, B. Parfitt, J. Parrott, K. Price, A. Phillips, B. Phillips, C. reeder, J. reeder, g. rink, and J. rominger. At least 390 collections from the Black Mountains have been made between 2000 and 2016 (SeINet 2016). The vast majority of these specimens was collected north of our flora area and are deposited at ASU, ASC, and/or gMdrC. within the flora area, the main collectors since 2000 have been g. goodwin (ASC) and J. André (gMdrC).
BUTTerwICK & dANIeL: FLOrA OF SOUTHerN BLACK MTS., ArIzONA 277 VegeTATION MOHAVE DESERTSCRUB BIOME.—we have relied on Brown et al. (1979) and Turner (1982) for the description of the Mohave desertscrub Biome. However, in the absence of a single comprehensive system for classifying specific plant communities in Arizona, we generally followed that of Thorne et al. (1981). Their flora covers several mountain ranges in the Mohave desert of southeastern California; all of these ranges are in close proximity to the Black Mountains, and they include several plant communities that are comparable in scale and composition to those found in our flora area. The plant communities represented in the southern Black Mountains are: Blackbrush Scrub, Creosote Bush Scrub, desert Oasis woodland, High-gradient desert wash Scrub, Lowgradient desert wash Scrub, Mixed desert Scrub, Pinyon-Juniper woodland, and Streamside Marsh. The vast majority of our flora area is within the Mohave desertscrub Biome. Mohave desertscrub is considered to be intermediate between the great Basin and Sonoran desertscrub biomes, both geographically and floristically (Brown et al. 1979; Turner 1982). The pattern is well represented in the southern Black Mountains. The following species occur in both the Mohave and Sonoran deserts and are found in the southern Black Mountains: Ambrosia salsola, Crossosoma bigelovii, Dudleya arizonica, Encelia farinosa, Eriogonum fasciculatum, Larrea tridentata, Mentzelia involucrata, Mohavea confertiflora, Nolina bigelovii, Opuntia bigelovii, Prosopis glandulosa var. torreyana, Psorothamnus spinosa, Senegalia greggii, Trixis californica, Yucca baccata, and Y. schidigera (Figs. 3–5). Coleogyne ramosissima (Figs. 6, 7) can be a dominant species in either the Mohave or great Basin deserts. Other species in the southern Black Mountains that occur in both Mohave and great Basin deserts include: Echinocereus engelmannii var. chrysocentrus, Ericameria teretifolia, Grayia spinosa, Krascheninnikovia lanata, and Opuntia polyacantha var. erinacea (Figs. 6, 8). Monardella eplingii (Fig. 6), a recently described species, known only from the Black Mountains, is endemic to the Mohave desert. Yucca brevifolia, another Mohave desert endemic, occurs just outside of the flora area in the vicinity of yucca. The Mohave desertscrub Biome is known for its diversity of winter ephemerals (annuals), presumably due to the preponderance of precipitation between September and december (Beatley 1974). A significant percentage (89%) of the ephemeral species documented in the flora area are winter ephemerals, many of which show a strong geographic affinity with those of the Sonoran desert. In the flora area, we documented 63 of the 109 species of winter ephemerals listed by Shreve and wiggins (1964) as characteristic of both the Mohave and Sonoran deserts. They include species of Amsinckia, Chaenactis, Chorizanthe, Cryptantha, Eriogonum, Eschscholzia, Euphorbia, Gilia, Linanthus, Lupinus, Malacothrix, Mentzelia, Nama, and Phacelia, in addition to Achyronychia cooperi, Acmispon brachycarpus, Bowlesia incana, Bromus arizonicus, Calycoseris wrightii, Chylismia claviformis, Daucus pusillus, Draba cuneifolia var. integrifolia, Descurainea pinnata, Eriophyllum lanosum, Erodium texanum, Eucrypta chrysanthemifolia var. bipinnatifida, Eulobus chamaenerioides, Harpagonella palmeri, Lepidium lasiocarpum, Logfia filaginoides, Monoptilon bellioides, Muhlenbergia microsperma, Myosurus cupulatus, Nemacladus glanduliferus, Oligomeris linifolia, Pectocarya heterocarpa, Petunia parviflora, Pholistoma auritum, Plagiobothrys arizonicus, Plantago ovata, Poa bigelovii, Pterostegia drymarioides, Rafinesquia neomexicana, Salvia columbariae, Thysanocarpus curvipes, Vicia exigua, and Vulpia octoflora. Additional winter ephemerals are identified in the species list. Among ephemeral species, a much lower percentage (9%) of summer ephemerals occurs in the flora area, probably as a result of the relatively limited rainfall in August or September. These include Amaranthus fimbriatus, Boerhavia wrightii, Bouteloua aristidoides, Kallstroemia californica, Kallstroemia parviflora, Muhlen-
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