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280 PrOCeedINgS OF THe CALIFOrNIA ACAdeMy OF SCIeNCeS Series 4, Volume 63, No. 8 bergia fragilis, and Pectis papposa. Six species of ephemeral herbs flower throughout the year in response to rainfall: Aristida adscensionis, Baileya pleniradiata, Chamaesyce setiloba, Conyza canadensis, Eriogonum hookeri, and Eriogonum palmerianum. CREOSOTE BUSH SCRUB.—This plant community (Fig. 7) is generally comparable to the Creosotebush Series of Brown et al. (1979) and Turner (1982). It occurs on the lower hills, upper and lower bajadas, and valley basins (generally between 335 m (1100 ft) and 914 m (3000 ft) elevation), from the base of the mountains toward Sacramento wash on the south and east sides of the flora area and toward the Colorado river on the west side of the flora area. The dominant species Ambrosia dumosa, Encelia farinosa, and Larrea tridentata are characteristic of this plant community. Common associates include: Cylindropuntia acanthocarpa, Cylindropuntia bigelovii, Ephedra aspera, Fouquieria splendens, Krameria erecta, Opuntia basilaris, Psorothamnus fremontii, and Sphaeralcea ambigua (Figs. 4, 6, 8). ephemeral species can be abundant in response to rainfall. They include: Acmispon rigidus, Acmispon maritimus, Acmispon strigosus, Amsinckia intermedia, Amsinckia tessellata, Atrichoseris platyphylla, Bouteloua barbata, Bouteloua aristidoides, Chylismia brevipes, Chylismia claviformis, Chaenactis carphoclinia, Chaenactis fremontii, Chamaesyce arizonica, Chamaesyce melanadenia, Chamaesyce polycarpa, Chorizanthe brevicornu, Chorizanthe rigida, Cryptantha barbigera, Cryptantha maritima, Cryptantha pterocarya, Cryptantha utahensis, Eremothera refracta, Eriastrum diffusum, Eriastrum eremicum, Eriogonum deflexum, Eriogonum inflatum, Eriogonum thomasii, Eriogonum trichopes, Eriophyllum lanosum, Eschscholzia californica, Eschscholzia glyptosperma, Eschscholzia minutiflora, Gilia scopulorum, Gilia stellata, Langloisia setosissima, Linanthus bigelovii, Linanthus demissus, Lupinus concinnus, Malacothrix glabrata, Mentzelia albicaulis, Mentzelia involucrata, Monoptilon bellioides, Nama demissa, Nemacladus orientalis, Pectocarya platycarpa, Pectocarya recurvata, Phacelia crenulata, Phacelia distans, Plantago ovata, Rafinesquia californica, Rafinesquia neomexicana, Stephanomeria pauciflora, Syntrichopappus fremontii, and Vulpia octoflora. MIXED DESERT SCRUB.—Mixed desert Scrub dominates the upper mountain slopes and rock outcrops (generally between 850 m (2800 ft) and 1370 m (4500 ft) elevation) and features a greater diversity of species than Creosote Bush Scrub. This catch-all plant community (Fig. 2) occurs throughout much of the flora area and exhibits various combinations of associated species. Several of the desert growth forms are represented including: stem-succulent cacti (Fig. 8) such as Cylindropuntia echinocarpa, Echinocereus coccineus, Echinocereus engelmannii, Echinomastus johnsonii, Ferocactus cylindraceus, Mammillaria grahamii, Mammillaria tetrancistra, Opuntia chlorotica, Opuntia ×curvospina, and Opuntia polyacantha; leaf semisucculents like Agave mckelveyana, Nolina bigelovii, Yucca baccata, and Yucca schidigera (Figs. 3, 5); leaf-succulents (i.e., Dudleya arizonica; Fig. 4); shrubby, often microphyllous, species, such as Brickella atractyloides, Brickellia incana, Encelia resinifera, Encelia virginensis, Ephedra aspera, Ericameria laricifolia, Ericameria linearifolia, Eriogonum fasciculatum, Eriogonum heermannii, Gutierrezia sarothrae, Keckiella antirrhinoides, Salvia dorrii, Salvia mohavensis, Thamnosma montana, and Xylorhiza tortifolia (Figs. 6, 9); subshrubs and perennial herbs, such as Acmispon rigidus, Artemisia ludoviciana, Baccharis brachyphylla, Boechera perennans, Cryptantha racemosa, Mirabilis laevis, Mirabilis multiflora, Nicotiana obtusifolia, Penstemon eatonii, Physalis crassifolia, Pleurocoronis pluriseta, Porophyllum gracile, and Peucephyllum schottii; perennial grasses including Acnatherum coronatum, Acnatherum hymenoides, Aristida purpurea, Bothriochloa barbinodis, Bouteloua curtipendula, Hilaria rigida, Jarava speciosa, Melica frutescens, Melica imperfecta, Muhlenbergia porteri, and Poa fendleriana; and numerous ephemerals, many of which are listed above. In more mesic sites on north-facing slopes and at the base of cliff faces at higher elevations are found species characteristic of woodland and chaparral plant communities, including: Ceanoth-
BUTTerwICK & dANIeL: FLOrA OF SOUTHerN BLACK MTS., ArIzONA 281 us vestitus, Forestiera pubescens, Fraxinus anomala, Garrya flavescens, Prunus fasciculata, Quercus turbinella, and Rhus aromatica. BLACKBRUSH SCRUB.—geographically interspersed within the widespread Mixed desert Scrub are areas of Blackbrush Scrub, which are dominated by Coleogyne ramosissima (Figs. 6, 7). This plant community is generally comparable to the Blackbrush Series, which is ecotonal between great Basin and Mohave desertscrub communities (Turner 1982). Here, perennial grasses such as Acnatherum hymenoides, Dasyochloa pulchella, Hilaria rigida, Jarava speciosa, Muhlenbergia porteri, Sporobolus cryptandrus, and Tridens muticus are commonly prevalent in unburned stands that are in good condition. According to Bradley (1964), these areas are important for desert Bighorn Sheep (Ovis canadensis nelsoni) because of the occurrence of these grasses. Indeed, extensive areas of high value habitat and lambing grounds for desert Bighorn Sheep exist in the flora area (U.S. department of Interior 1996). Other species commonly associated with Blackbrush Scrub include: Encelia virginensis, Ephedra aspera, Eriogonum fasciculatum, Krameria bicolor, Krameria erecta, , Larrea tridentata, Opuntia basilaris, and Yucca schidigera. Juniperus californica, an indicator species of the southern portion of the great Basin Conifer woodland (Brown 1982), is frequently found on dry slopes generally above 914 m (3000 ft.) elevation both with Blackbrush Scrub and Mixed desert Scrub. GREAT BASIN CONIFER WOODLAND BIOME.—A small area of the great Basin Conifer woodland Biome was mapped by Brown et al. (2007) in the southern Black Mountains. we collected two of the characteristic species, Juniperus californica and Pinus monophylla (Fig. 10), of this biome at higher elevations (1341–1433 m) north of Mt. Nutt. we treat this area as a relict Pinyon-Juniper woodland plant community due to the rarity of Pinus monophylla in the southern Black Mountains. Characteristic species associated with this community in the flora area include: Artemisia ludoviciana, Coleogyne ramosissima, Echinocereus coccineus, Echinocereus engelmannii, Fraxinus anomala, Garrya flavescens, Krascheninnikovia lanata, Nolina bigelovii, Opuntia basilaris, Purshia stansburyana, Quercus turbinella, Rhamnus ilicifolia, Rhus aromatica, and Yucca baccata. Locally common grasses here are Achnatherum hymenoides, Aristida purpurea, Bouteloua curtipendula, Hilaria rigida, Jarava speciosa, Muhlenbergia porteri, Sporobolus cryptandrus, and Tridens muticus. we collected the following species only in this plant community in the flora area: Gilia flavocincta subsp. australis, Hymenopappus filifolius, Linanthus pungens, Penstemon palmeri, Ptelea trifoliata, and Silene verecunda. The majority of these associated species also occur with the Interior Chaparral Biome, as described by Pase and Brown (1982). Although not present in our flora area, Interior Chaparral is widespread in the Hualapai Mountains to the east across the Sacramento Valley (Butterwick et al. 1992). DESERT WASH SCRUB.—Numerous ephemeral streams occur throughout the flora area. The desert wash Scrub plant community varies with stream gradient, which is defined as the change in elevation per unit distance along the stream channel and expressed as a percent (Society of American Foresters 1998). The low-gradient (generally < 3%) tributaries with predominantly sand and gravel substrates form incised arroyos and open, shallow washes at the lower elevations. These tributaries support a Low-gradient desert wash Scrub plant community in and along the channels comprised of small trees such as Chilopsis linearis, Parkinsonia florida, Prosopis glandulosa var. torreyana, Prosopis pubescens, and Psorothamnus spinosus. representative shrub species include Ambrosia monogyra, Ambrosia salsola, Bebbia juncea, Lycium exsertum, Psorothamnus fremontii, Scutellaria mexicana, Senegalia greggii, and Ziziphus obtusifolia. Vines such as Cucurbita digitata, Funastrum cynanchoides, Funastrum hirtellum, Marah gilensis, Maurandella antirrhiniflora, and Neogaerrhinum filipes are occasionally found twining over the shrubs and trees or trailing along the streambed. These tributaries occur primarily within the Creosote Bush Scrub plant com-
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