Final NB 2016-2017 Turley

-When a liquid is heated to a temperature at which particles throughout the liquid have enough kinetic
energy to vaporize, the liquid will than begin to boil.
-When boiling a liquid bubbles will form throughout the liquid and began rising to the surface and
escape into the air.
-Liquids boiling temperatures may differ because i9ts vapor pressure has to be equal to its external
pressure.
-Boiling is a process similar to evaporation.
13.3 The Nature of Solids
A Model of Solids
Melting Point 14 -The temperature at which a solid change into a liquid.
Freezing Point 15- The temperature in which a liquid changes into a solid.
-The general properties of solids reflect the orderly arrangement of their particles and the fix4ed
location of their particles.
-Solid Melting Liquid
Freezing
-At the melting and freezing point particles are in an equilibrium.
-Ionic solids generally have high melting points because relatively strong forces hold them together.
Crystal Structure and Unit Cell
Crystsal 16 - Particles arranged in an orderly, repeating, three-dimensional pattern called crystal lattice.
Unit Cell 17 – The smallest group of particles within a crystal that retains the geometrical shape of the
crystal.
Allatropes 18- Two or more different molecular forms of the same element in the same physical state.
Amorphous Solid 19 -Lacks an ordered internal structure.
Glass 20 - A transparent fusion product of inorganic substances that have a cool rigid state without
crystalizing.
-The shape of a crystal reflects the arrangement of the particles within the solid.
-Crystals are classified in 7 groups
-Some solid substances exist in more than one form.
13.4 Changes of State
Sublimation
Sublimation 21 -The change of a substance from a solid to a vapor without passing through the liquid
state.
-sublimations occurs in solids with vapor pressures that exceed atmospheric pressure at or near room
temperature.
-Solid Evaporation Vapor
Deposition
-Sublimation can occur because solids, like liquids, have a vapor pressure.
Phase Diagrams
Phase Diagrams 22 -Gives the conditions of temperature and pressure at which a substance exists as
solid, liquid, or gas.
Triple point 23 -Deescribes the only set of conditions in which all three phases can exist in equilibrium.
-The conditions of pressure and temperature at which two phases exist in equilibrium are indicated on
a phase diagram by a line separating the two regions representing the phases.
-The same line also illustrates how the vapor pressure of of water varies with temperature.
-The relationships among the solid, liquid, and vapor states of a substance in a sealed container can
be represented in a single graph.
-For water the triple point is a temperature of 0.016 C and a pressure of 0.61 KPa
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