programming-for-dummies

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x Beginning Programming All-in-One Desk Reference For Dummies Chapter 2: Different Methods for Writing Programs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .29 Spaghetti Programming without a Plan.......................................................31 Planning Ahead with Structured Programming..........................................32 The three parts of structured programming ....................................33 Top-down programming ......................................................................35 Making User Interfaces with Event-Driven Programming .........................38 Designing a user interface...................................................................40 Writing event handlers ........................................................................42 Writing your program ..........................................................................43 Organizing a Program with Object-Oriented Programming......................43 Objects isolate data .............................................................................45 Objects simplify modifications...........................................................46 Designing Programs with Today’s Methodology........................................48 Chapter 3: Types of Programming Languages . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .49 Choosing Your First Language......................................................................50 C the BASIC choices .............................................................................50 Having second thoughts......................................................................50 Teaching Languages.......................................................................................52 Getting back to BASIC ..........................................................................52 Turtle graphics with Logo ...................................................................55 The philosophy of Pascal ....................................................................57 Other teaching languages....................................................................58 “Curly Bracket” Languages ...........................................................................63 The power of C .....................................................................................63 The efficiency of C................................................................................64 The portability of C..............................................................................65 Adding object-oriented programming with C++ ...............................65 True portability with Java ...................................................................66 Safer programming with C#.................................................................66 Choosing a curly bracket language....................................................69 Artificial Intelligence Languages ..................................................................70 Scripting Languages.......................................................................................73 Automating a program.........................................................................75 Customizing a program........................................................................76 Transferring data among multiple programs....................................77 Creating separate applications...........................................................77 Database Programming Languages..............................................................78 The dBASE programming language....................................................78 Adding database access to traditional languages............................80 Customizing database programs........................................................80 Comparing Programming Languages...........................................................81 Chapter 4: Programming Tools . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .83 Choosing a Compiler .....................................................................................84 Defining your needs for a compiler....................................................84 Evaluating the technical features of a compiler...............................86
Table of Contents xi Finding an Interpreter....................................................................................90 Operating system interpreters ...........................................................91 Web page interpreters .........................................................................91 Compiling to a Virtual Machine....................................................................93 Writing a Program with an Editor ................................................................94 Editors....................................................................................................94 Fixing a Program with a Debugger ...............................................................97 Stepping line by line.............................................................................97 Watching variables.............................................................................100 Saving Time with Third-Party Components..............................................102 Optimizing a Program with a Profiler ........................................................102 Creating a Help File ......................................................................................103 Installing a Program.....................................................................................104 Dissecting Programs with a Disassembler................................................105 Chapter 5: Managing Large Projects with Software Engineering . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .107 Software Engineering Methods...................................................................108 Designing a program with the waterfall model...............................108 Evolving a program with extreme programming............................112 Automating Software Engineering with CASE...........................................115 Modeling a large project....................................................................115 Generating code automatically.........................................................119 Formatting source code automatically............................................120 Tracking revisions in code ................................................................121 The Pros and Cons of Software Engineering.............................................122 Book II: Programming Basics .....................................125 Chapter 1: How Programs Work . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .127 Using Keywords as Building Blocks...........................................................128 Organizing a Program ..................................................................................130 Dividing a Program into Subprograms ......................................................132 Dividing a Program into Objects ................................................................135 Creating a User Interface.............................................................................138 Chapter 2: Variables, Data Types, and Constants . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .141 Declaring Variables ......................................................................................142 Creating a variable .............................................................................142 Using Different Data Types .........................................................................148 Storing Data in a Variable............................................................................150 Retrieving Data from a Variable..................................................................151 Using Constant Values .................................................................................153 Defining the Scope of a Variable.................................................................154 Handling global variables with care.................................................154 Restricting scope to a module..........................................................156
Page 1 and 2: Beginning Programming ALL-IN-ONE DE
Page 3 and 4: Beginning Programming ALL-IN-ONE DE
Page 5 and 6: About the Author I started off as a
Page 7 and 8: Acknowledgments This is the part of
Page 9 and 10: Contents at a Glance Introduction .
Page 11: Table of Contents Introduction.....
Page 15 and 16: Table of Contents xiii Playing with
Page 17 and 18: Table of Contents xv Using Structur
Page 19 and 20: Table of Contents xvii Searching wi
Page 21 and 22: Table of Contents xix Book VI: Prog
Page 23 and 24: Table of Contents xxi Declaring Con
Page 25 and 26: Introduction If you enjoy using a c
Page 27 and 28: How to Use This Book 3 means they
Page 29 and 30: Book I Getting Started
Page 31 and 32: Chapter 1: Getting Started Programm
Page 33 and 34: How Computer Programming Works 9 De
Page 35 and 36: The History of Computer Programming
Page 41 and 42: Figuring Out Programming 17 As a ge
Page 43 and 44: Figuring Out Programming 19 ✦ Lin
Page 45 and 46: Figuring Out Programming 21 Convert
Page 47 and 48: Figuring Out Programming 23 certain
Page 49 and 50: Getting Started with Programming 25
Page 51 and 52: Knowing Programming versus Knowing
Page 53 and 54: Chapter 2: Different Methods for Wr
Page 55 and 56: Spaghetti Programming without a Pla
Page 57 and 58: Planning Ahead with Structured Prog
Page 63 and 64:
Making User Interfaces with Event-D
Page 65 and 66:
Making User Interfaces with Event-D
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Organizing a Program with Object-Or
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Chapter 3: Types of Programming Lan
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Choosing Your First Language 51 ext
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Teaching Languages 53 Principles Be
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Teaching Languages 55 The Interacti
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Teaching Languages 57 near future.
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Teaching Languages 59 The main disa
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Teaching Languages 61 Book I Chapte
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“Curly Bracket” Languages 63
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“Curly Bracket” Languages 65 Th
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“Curly Bracket” Languages 67 C#
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“Curly Bracket” Languages 69 Vi
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Artificial Intelligence Languages 7
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Scripting Languages 73 2. From the
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Scripting Languages 75 In compariso
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Scripting Languages 77 Transferring
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Database Programming Languages 79 @
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Comparing Programming Languages 81
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Chapter 4: Programming Tools In Thi
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Choosing a Compiler 85 3. Choose a
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Choosing a Compiler 87 than other c
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Choosing a Compiler 89 With a cross
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Finding an Interpreter 91 In the ol
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Compiling to a Virtual Machine 93 C
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Writing a Program with an Editor 95
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Fixing a Program with a Debugger 97
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Creating a Help File 103 Obviously,
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Dissecting Programs with a Disassem
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Chapter 5: Managing Large Projects
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Software Engineering Methods 109 Fi
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Software Engineering Methods 111 de
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Software Engineering Methods 113 Ad
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Automating Software Engineering wit
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The Pros and Cons of Software Engin
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Book II Programming Basics
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Chapter 1: How Programs Work In Thi
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Using Keywords as Building Blocks 1
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Organizing a Program 131 So if your
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Dividing a Program into Subprograms
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Dividing a Program into Objects 135
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Dividing a Program into Objects 137
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Creating a User Interface 139 The u
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Chapter 2: Variables, Data Types, a
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Declaring Variables 143 This BASIC
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Declaring Variables 145 You can alw
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Declaring Variables 147 Every progr
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Using Different Data Types 149 type
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Retrieving Data from a Variable 151
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Using Constant Values 153 Using Con
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Defining the Scope of a Variable 15
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Chapter 3: Manipulating Data In Thi
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Using Math to Manipulate Numbers 16
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Using Math to Manipulate Numbers 16
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Manipulating Strings 167 Most progr
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Finding Strings with Regular Expres
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Finding Strings with Regular Expres
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Using Comparison Operators 173 Comp
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Using Boolean Operators 175 Most pr
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Using Boolean Operators 177 So if t
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Converting Data Types 179 Both type
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Chapter 4: Making Decisions by Bran
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Picking One Choice with the IF-THEN
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Picking Three or More Choices with
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Picking Three or More Choices with
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Playing with Multiple Boolean Opera
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Making Multiple Choices with the SE
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Chapter 5: Repeating Commands by Lo
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Looping a Fixed Number of Times wit
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Looping Zero or More Times with the
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Playing with Nested Loops 209 This
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Checking Your Loops 211 Outer loop
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Chapter 6: Breaking a Large Program
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Creating and Using Subprograms 215
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Creating and Using Subprograms 217
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Passing Parameters 219 The #include
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Passing Parameters 221 Figure 6-5:
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Passing Parameters 223 When you pas
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Passing Parameters 225 DIM Temp AS
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Repeating a Subprogram with Recursi
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Repeating a Subprogram with Recursi
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Chapter 7: Breaking a Large Program
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How Object-Oriented Programming Wor
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Encapsulation Isolates Data and Sub
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Encapsulation Isolates Data and Sub
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Sharing Code with Inheritance 239 S
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Sharing Code with Inheritance 241 F
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Design Patterns 243 However, when y
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Design Patterns 245 The flyweight p
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Object-Oriented Languages 247 Becau
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Real-Life Programming Examples 249
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Chapter 8: Reading and Saving Files
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Storing Data in Text Files 261 A co
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Storing Data in Text Files 263 Read
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Storing Fixed Size Data in Random-A
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Storing Fixed Size Data in Random-A
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Storing Varying Size Data in Untype
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Using Database Files 271 Figure 8-5
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Using Database Files 273 Think of a
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Using Database Files 275 When using
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Chapter 9: Documenting Your Program
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Adding Comments to Source Code 279
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Writing Software Documentation 285
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Writing Software Documentation 287
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Chapter 10: Principles of User Inte
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The Evolution of User Interfaces 29
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Elements of a User Interface 293 GU
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Elements of a User Interface 295 Fi
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Elements of a User Interface 297 If
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Designing a User Interface 303 diff
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Designing a User Interface 305 A we
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Designing a User Interface 307 Figu
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Book III Data Structures
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Chapter 1: Structures and Arrays In
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Using Structures 313 If you wanted
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Using an Array 315 the array, which
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Using an Array 317 Perkins has empl
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Working with Resizable Arrays 319 D
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Working with Multi-Dimensional Arra
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Using Structures with Arrays 323 Th
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Drawbacks of Arrays 325 To store da
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Drawbacks of Arrays 327 Suppose you
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Chapter 2: Sets and Linked Lists In
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Using Sets 331 Adding (and deleting
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Using Sets 333 This command asks th
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Using Sets 335 Bill Evans John Doe
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Using Linked Lists 337 This tells t
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Using Linked Lists 339 Each time yo
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Drawbacks of Sets and Linked Lists
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Drawbacks of Sets and Linked Lists
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Chapter 3: Collections and Dictiona
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Using a Collection 347 Every elemen
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Using a Collection 349 When you del
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Using a Collection 351 Figure 3-6:
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Understanding Hash Tables 353 Every
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Understanding Hash Tables 355 VP Ke
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Understanding Hash Tables 357 ✦ D
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Understanding Hash Tables 359 In ge
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Chapter 4: Stacks, Queues, and Dequ
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Using a Stack 363 Like a collection
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Using Queues 365 Counting and searc
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Using Queues 367 Adding data to a q
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Using Queues 369 Figure 4-6: The Pe
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Using Deques 371 Initially, a deque
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Using Deques 373 Figure 4-11: The U
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Chapter 5: Graphs and Trees In This
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Understanding Graphs 377 457 miles
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Understanding Graphs 379 Figure 5-4
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Creating Trees 381 Figure 5-5: A tr
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Creating Trees 383 For example, an
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Taking Action on Trees 385 Traversi
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Taking Action on Trees 387 10 8 12
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Taking Action on Trees 389 10 8 12
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Book IV Algorithms
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Chapter 1: Sorting Algorithms In Th
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Using Bubble Sort 395 32 9 74 21 Or
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Using Insertion Sort 397 32 9 74 21
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Using Shell Sort 399 32 9 74 21 50
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Using Heap Sort 401 Heap sort dumps
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Using Merge Sort 403 94 46 74 21 32
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Using Quick Sort 405 Using Quick So
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Comparing Sorting Algorithms 407 If
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Chapter 2: Searching Algorithms In
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Sequential Search 411 Backward or f
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Sequential Search 413 Binary search
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Sequential Search 415 Fibonacci num
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Using Indexes 417 102 John Smith 55
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Adversarial Search 419 The more lev
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Adversarial Search 421 So if the co
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Chapter 3: String Searching In This
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Sequential Text Search 425 In this
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Sequential Text Search 427 The Shif
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Searching with Regular Expressions
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Searching Phonetically 431 Both sym
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Searching Phonetically 433 If you h
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Chapter 4: Data Compression Algorit
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Lossless Data Compression Algorithm
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Lossy Data Compression 443 Basicall
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Chapter 5: Encryption Algorithms In
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The Basics of Encryption 447 in a m
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The Basics of Encryption 449 Stream
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The Basics of Encryption 451 Electr
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Symmetric/Asymmetric Encryption Alg
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Cracking Encryption 455 Sender’s
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Cracking Encryption 457 Instead of
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Cracking Encryption 459 Code cracki
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Book V Web Programming
Page 487 and 488:
Chapter 1: HyperText Markup Languag
Page 489 and 490:
The Structure of an HTML Document 4
Page 491 and 492:
The Structure of an HTML Document 4
Page 493 and 494:
Defining the Background 469 Adding
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Making Tables 471 The anchor point
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Making Tables 473 Book V Chapter 1
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Making Tables 475 Column 1 Column
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Chapter 2: CSS In This Chapter Und
Page 503 and 504:
Creating Style Classes 479 color :
Page 505 and 506:
Separating Styles in Files 481 Sepa
Page 507 and 508:
Cascading Stylesheets 483 If you ha
Page 509 and 510:
Chapter 3: JavaScript In This Chapt
Page 511 and 512:
Declaring Variables 487 need to def
Page 513 and 514:
Using Operators 489 The relational
Page 515 and 516:
Branching Statements 491 To make th
Page 517 and 518:
Using Arrays 493 A variation of the
Page 519 and 520:
Designing User Interfaces 495 A con
Page 521 and 522:
Chapter 4: PHP In This Chapter Und
Page 523 and 524:
Declaring Variables 499 Declaring V
Page 525 and 526:
Using Operators 501 Table 4-3 Logic
Page 527 and 528:
Branching Statements 503 Command; }
Page 529 and 530:
Creating Functions 505 If you don
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Creating Objects 507 Creating Objec
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Chapter 5: Ruby In This Chapter Un
Page 535 and 536:
Using Operators 511 # long time to
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Using Operators 513 Table 5-3 Logic
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Looping Statements 515 Command else
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Using Data Structures 517 Using Dat
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Creating Objects 519 To tell an obj
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Book VI Programming Language Syntax
Page 547 and 548:
Chapter 1: C and C++ In This Chapte
Page 549 and 550:
Declaring Variables 525 Despite min
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Declaring Variables 527 All integer
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Using Operators 529 Relational oper
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Branching Statements 531 Table 1-6
Page 557 and 558:
Looping Statements 533 switch (expr
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Data Structures 535 If a function d
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Using Objects 537 Now you can decla
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Using Objects 539 To inherit from m
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Chapter 2: Java and C# In This Chap
Page 567 and 568:
Declaring Variables 543 The double
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Using Operators 545 Declaring float
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Using Operators 547 The increment o
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Branching Statements 549 if (condit
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Looping Statements 551 Because no b
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Data Structures 553 If the function
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Data Structures 555 You can create
Page 581 and 582:
Using Objects 557 So if you created
Page 583 and 584:
Chapter 3: Perl and Python In This
Page 585 and 586:
Using Operators 561 You can write b
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Using Operators 563 The relational
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Page 591 and 592:
Looping Statements 567 In Python, t
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Perl Data Structures 569 A typical
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Python Data Structures 571 Creating
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Using Objects 573 After you define
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Chapter 4: Pascal and Delphi In Thi
Page 601 and 602:
Declaring Variables 577 Creating Co
Page 603 and 604:
Declaring Constants 579 Declaring d
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Page 607 and 608:
Looping Statements 583 Looping Stat
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Data Structures 585 FUNCTION Functi
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Creating Objects 587 clear a dynami
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Chapter 5: Visual Basic and REALbas
Page 615 and 616:
The Structure of a BASIC Program 59
Page 617 and 618:
Declaring Variables 593 Declaring i
Page 619 and 620:
Declaring Constants 595 Declaring B
Page 621 and 622:
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Branching Statements 599 The preced
Page 625 and 626:
Creating Subprograms and Functions
Page 627 and 628:
Data Structures 603 Data Structures
Page 629 and 630:
Creating Objects 605 Creating Objec
Page 631 and 632:
Book VII Applications
Page 633 and 634:
Chapter 1: Database Management In T
Page 635 and 636:
The Basics of Databases 611 To retr
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The Basics of Databases 613 Althoug
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The Basics of Databases 615 Employe
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Manipulating Data 617 Tables divide
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Manipulating Data 619 The Join comm
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Manipulating Data 621 SET PhoneNumb
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Database Programming 623 Figure 1-1
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Chapter 2: Bioinformatics In This C
Page 651 and 652:
The Basics of Bioinformatics 627 Un
Page 653 and 654:
Searching Databases 629 ✦ Swiss-P
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Bioinformatics Programming 631 Alth
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Chapter 3: Computer Security In Thi
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Stopping Malware 635 Worms Similar
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Stopping Hackers 637 Stopping Hacke
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Secure Computing 639 Forensics If y
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Secure Computing 641 start. The ide
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Chapter 4: Artificial Intelligence
Page 669 and 670:
Problem Solving 645 Game-playing Be
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Problem Solving 647 Expert System K
Page 673 and 674:
Problem Solving 649 Humans can unde
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Problem Solving 651 Such speech rec
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Machine Learning 653 With LISP, eve
Page 679 and 680:
Machine Learning 655 Robotics and a
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`Chapter 5: The Future of Computer
Page 683 and 684:
Picking an Operating System 659 opt
Page 685 and 686:
Cross-Platform Programming 661 Unfo
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Cross-Platform Programming 663 The
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Cross-Platform Programming 665 Anot
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The Programming Language of the Fut
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The Programming Language of the Fut
Page 695 and 696:
Index Numerics 0 (zero) initializin
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Index 673 blocks of commands in cur
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Index 675 dictionaries versus, 352
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Index 677 database management conne
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Index 679 enumerated variables (C/C
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Index 681 hybrid OOP languages, 246
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Index 683 knowledge base, 646, 647
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Index 685 modeling, 44-45 Modula-2
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Index 687 advantages and disadvanta
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Index 689 looping statements, 600-6
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Index 691 extreme programming metho
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Index 693 source code as, 264 tab-d
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Index 695 as event-driven programmi
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