programming-for-dummies

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2 How This Book Is Organized everyday. This book won’t turn you into an expert overnight, but it will open the doors to more information about programming than you might have ever known even existed. How This Book Is Organized To help you learn about computer programming, this book is divided into several minibooks where each minibook is self-contained so you can read them in any order you wish. Book I: Getting Started This first book provides a general overview of computer programming. This is where you’ll learn how programming evolved, the latest techniques to make programming faster and easier, how different programming languages work, what type of tools programmers use, and how programmers create large projects. This book gives you a broad understanding of programming so you’ll understand how programming solves different types of problems. Book II: Programming Basics No matter what type of computer you want to program or which programming language you use, programming follows the same basic principles and this book explains how they work. This is where you’ll learn the parts of a typical program and how they work to create a working program. This book also explains the purpose of a user interface and the elements that make up a user interface. Book III: Data Structures All programs manipulate data, which means they need a way to store that data temporarily in something called a data structure. Data structures form the heart of any program. Think of data structures as closets or drawers for holding information. Depending on the type of information you need to store and how you need to use it, you may need to use different types of data structures. By understanding the different data structures available and the pros and cons of each, you’ll learn the best type of data structure to use for your particular program. Book IV: Algorithms An algorithm is just a specific method for solving a problem. There are literally an infinite number of ways to solve any problem, but computer programmers generally run into the same type of problems over and over, which
How to Use This Book 3 means they’ve also discovered the most efficient algorithms to solve for specific tasks. This book introduces different types of algorithms and explains how they work and when you might want to use them. Book V: Web Programming Traditional programs run on a computer, but the advent of the Internet has created a new field of programming known was Web programming. Instead of running on a single computer, Web programs are stored on one computer (called a server) but run and displayed on a second computer (called a client). If you’ve ever ordered anything off the Internet, you’ve used a program designed to run on Web pages. Learning Web programming isn’t hard, but it often requires using different types of languages and techniques, which is what you’ll learn about in this book. Book VI: Programming Language Syntax This book explains the basic features of programming languages and then shows how different programming languages implement those features, which is known as the language syntax. Knowing the syntax of different languages can show you the flaws and benefits of each language so you’ll know when to use a particular language over another. If you regularly need to program in different languages, this book makes a handy reference to show you how to accomplish a specific task in different languages along with showing you unusual features that appear in one programming language but not in another one. Book VII: Applications Knowing how to program a computer is nice, but ultimately useless if you don’t know how to apply your programming skills to doing something productive, so this book explains several fields of computer programming. By reading this book, you can learn what types of programming appeals to you. By combining your knowledge of programming with a particular field of interest, you can carve a niche for yourself in any field you choose. How to Use This Book You can use this book as a tutorial or a reference. Although you can just flip through this book to find the information you need, programming novices should start with Book I before tackling any other books. After you understand the basics of programming from Book I, then you can freely jump around to read only the information that interests you.
Page 1 and 2: Beginning Programming ALL-IN-ONE DE
Page 3 and 4: Beginning Programming ALL-IN-ONE DE
Page 5 and 6: About the Author I started off as a
Page 7 and 8: Acknowledgments This is the part of
Page 9 and 10: Contents at a Glance Introduction .
Page 11 and 12: Table of Contents Introduction.....
Page 13 and 14: Table of Contents xi Finding an Int
Page 15 and 16: Table of Contents xiii Playing with
Page 17 and 18: Table of Contents xv Using Structur
Page 19 and 20: Table of Contents xvii Searching wi
Page 21 and 22: Table of Contents xix Book VI: Prog
Page 23 and 24: Table of Contents xxi Declaring Con
Page 25: Introduction If you enjoy using a c
Page 29 and 30: Book I Getting Started
Page 31 and 32: Chapter 1: Getting Started Programm
Page 33 and 34: How Computer Programming Works 9 De
Page 35 and 36: The History of Computer Programming
Page 41 and 42: Figuring Out Programming 17 As a ge
Page 43 and 44: Figuring Out Programming 19 ✦ Lin
Page 45 and 46: Figuring Out Programming 21 Convert
Page 47 and 48: Figuring Out Programming 23 certain
Page 49 and 50: Getting Started with Programming 25
Page 51 and 52: Knowing Programming versus Knowing
Page 53 and 54: Chapter 2: Different Methods for Wr
Page 55 and 56: Spaghetti Programming without a Pla
Page 57 and 58: Planning Ahead with Structured Prog
Page 63 and 64: Making User Interfaces with Event-D
Page 65 and 66: Making User Interfaces with Event-D
Page 67 and 68: Organizing a Program with Object-Or
Page 73 and 74: Chapter 3: Types of Programming Lan
Page 75 and 76: Choosing Your First Language 51 ext
Page 77 and 78:
Teaching Languages 53 Principles Be
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Teaching Languages 55 The Interacti
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Teaching Languages 57 near future.
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Teaching Languages 59 The main disa
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Teaching Languages 61 Book I Chapte
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“Curly Bracket” Languages 63
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“Curly Bracket” Languages 65 Th
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“Curly Bracket” Languages 67 C#
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“Curly Bracket” Languages 69 Vi
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Artificial Intelligence Languages 7
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Scripting Languages 73 2. From the
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Scripting Languages 75 In compariso
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Scripting Languages 77 Transferring
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Database Programming Languages 79 @
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Comparing Programming Languages 81
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Chapter 4: Programming Tools In Thi
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Choosing a Compiler 85 3. Choose a
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Choosing a Compiler 87 than other c
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Choosing a Compiler 89 With a cross
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Finding an Interpreter 91 In the ol
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Compiling to a Virtual Machine 93 C
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Writing a Program with an Editor 95
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Fixing a Program with a Debugger 97
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Creating a Help File 103 Obviously,
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Dissecting Programs with a Disassem
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Chapter 5: Managing Large Projects
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Software Engineering Methods 109 Fi
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Software Engineering Methods 111 de
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Software Engineering Methods 113 Ad
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Automating Software Engineering wit
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The Pros and Cons of Software Engin
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Book II Programming Basics
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Chapter 1: How Programs Work In Thi
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Using Keywords as Building Blocks 1
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Organizing a Program 131 So if your
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Dividing a Program into Subprograms
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Dividing a Program into Objects 135
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Dividing a Program into Objects 137
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Creating a User Interface 139 The u
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Chapter 2: Variables, Data Types, a
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Declaring Variables 143 This BASIC
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Declaring Variables 145 You can alw
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Declaring Variables 147 Every progr
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Using Different Data Types 149 type
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Retrieving Data from a Variable 151
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Using Constant Values 153 Using Con
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Defining the Scope of a Variable 15
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Chapter 3: Manipulating Data In Thi
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Using Math to Manipulate Numbers 16
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Using Math to Manipulate Numbers 16
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Manipulating Strings 167 Most progr
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Finding Strings with Regular Expres
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Finding Strings with Regular Expres
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Using Comparison Operators 173 Comp
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Using Boolean Operators 175 Most pr
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Using Boolean Operators 177 So if t
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Converting Data Types 179 Both type
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Chapter 4: Making Decisions by Bran
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Picking One Choice with the IF-THEN
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Picking Three or More Choices with
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Picking Three or More Choices with
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Playing with Multiple Boolean Opera
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Making Multiple Choices with the SE
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Chapter 5: Repeating Commands by Lo
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Looping a Fixed Number of Times wit
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Looping Zero or More Times with the
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Playing with Nested Loops 209 This
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Checking Your Loops 211 Outer loop
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Chapter 6: Breaking a Large Program
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Creating and Using Subprograms 215
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Creating and Using Subprograms 217
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Passing Parameters 219 The #include
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Passing Parameters 221 Figure 6-5:
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Passing Parameters 223 When you pas
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Passing Parameters 225 DIM Temp AS
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Repeating a Subprogram with Recursi
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Repeating a Subprogram with Recursi
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Chapter 7: Breaking a Large Program
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How Object-Oriented Programming Wor
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Encapsulation Isolates Data and Sub
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Encapsulation Isolates Data and Sub
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Sharing Code with Inheritance 239 S
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Sharing Code with Inheritance 241 F
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Design Patterns 243 However, when y
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Design Patterns 245 The flyweight p
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Object-Oriented Languages 247 Becau
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Real-Life Programming Examples 249
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Chapter 8: Reading and Saving Files
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Storing Data in Text Files 261 A co
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Storing Data in Text Files 263 Read
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Storing Fixed Size Data in Random-A
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Storing Fixed Size Data in Random-A
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Storing Varying Size Data in Untype
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Using Database Files 271 Figure 8-5
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Using Database Files 273 Think of a
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Using Database Files 275 When using
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Chapter 9: Documenting Your Program
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Adding Comments to Source Code 279
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Writing Software Documentation 285
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Writing Software Documentation 287
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Chapter 10: Principles of User Inte
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The Evolution of User Interfaces 29
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Elements of a User Interface 293 GU
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Elements of a User Interface 295 Fi
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Elements of a User Interface 297 If
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Designing a User Interface 303 diff
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Designing a User Interface 305 A we
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Designing a User Interface 307 Figu
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Book III Data Structures
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Chapter 1: Structures and Arrays In
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Using Structures 313 If you wanted
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Using an Array 315 the array, which
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Using an Array 317 Perkins has empl
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Working with Resizable Arrays 319 D
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Working with Multi-Dimensional Arra
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Using Structures with Arrays 323 Th
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Drawbacks of Arrays 325 To store da
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Drawbacks of Arrays 327 Suppose you
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Chapter 2: Sets and Linked Lists In
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Using Sets 331 Adding (and deleting
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Using Sets 333 This command asks th
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Using Sets 335 Bill Evans John Doe
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Using Linked Lists 337 This tells t
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Using Linked Lists 339 Each time yo
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Drawbacks of Sets and Linked Lists
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Drawbacks of Sets and Linked Lists
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Chapter 3: Collections and Dictiona
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Using a Collection 347 Every elemen
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Using a Collection 349 When you del
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Using a Collection 351 Figure 3-6:
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Understanding Hash Tables 353 Every
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Understanding Hash Tables 355 VP Ke
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Understanding Hash Tables 357 ✦ D
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Understanding Hash Tables 359 In ge
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Chapter 4: Stacks, Queues, and Dequ
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Using a Stack 363 Like a collection
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Using Queues 365 Counting and searc
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Using Queues 367 Adding data to a q
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Using Queues 369 Figure 4-6: The Pe
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Using Deques 371 Initially, a deque
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Using Deques 373 Figure 4-11: The U
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Chapter 5: Graphs and Trees In This
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Understanding Graphs 377 457 miles
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Understanding Graphs 379 Figure 5-4
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Creating Trees 381 Figure 5-5: A tr
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Creating Trees 383 For example, an
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Taking Action on Trees 385 Traversi
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Taking Action on Trees 387 10 8 12
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Taking Action on Trees 389 10 8 12
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Book IV Algorithms
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Chapter 1: Sorting Algorithms In Th
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Using Bubble Sort 395 32 9 74 21 Or
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Using Insertion Sort 397 32 9 74 21
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Using Shell Sort 399 32 9 74 21 50
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Using Heap Sort 401 Heap sort dumps
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Using Merge Sort 403 94 46 74 21 32
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Using Quick Sort 405 Using Quick So
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Comparing Sorting Algorithms 407 If
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Chapter 2: Searching Algorithms In
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Sequential Search 411 Backward or f
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Sequential Search 413 Binary search
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Sequential Search 415 Fibonacci num
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Using Indexes 417 102 John Smith 55
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Adversarial Search 419 The more lev
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Adversarial Search 421 So if the co
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Chapter 3: String Searching In This
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Sequential Text Search 425 In this
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Sequential Text Search 427 The Shif
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Searching with Regular Expressions
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Searching Phonetically 431 Both sym
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Searching Phonetically 433 If you h
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Chapter 4: Data Compression Algorit
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Lossless Data Compression Algorithm
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Lossy Data Compression 443 Basicall
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Chapter 5: Encryption Algorithms In
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The Basics of Encryption 447 in a m
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The Basics of Encryption 449 Stream
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The Basics of Encryption 451 Electr
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Symmetric/Asymmetric Encryption Alg
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Cracking Encryption 455 Sender’s
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Cracking Encryption 457 Instead of
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Cracking Encryption 459 Code cracki
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Book V Web Programming
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Chapter 1: HyperText Markup Languag
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The Structure of an HTML Document 4
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The Structure of an HTML Document 4
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Defining the Background 469 Adding
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Making Tables 471 The anchor point
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Making Tables 473 Book V Chapter 1
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Making Tables 475 Column 1 Column
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Chapter 2: CSS In This Chapter Und
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Creating Style Classes 479 color :
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Separating Styles in Files 481 Sepa
Page 507 and 508:
Cascading Stylesheets 483 If you ha
Page 509 and 510:
Chapter 3: JavaScript In This Chapt
Page 511 and 512:
Declaring Variables 487 need to def
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Using Operators 489 The relational
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Branching Statements 491 To make th
Page 517 and 518:
Using Arrays 493 A variation of the
Page 519 and 520:
Designing User Interfaces 495 A con
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Chapter 4: PHP In This Chapter Und
Page 523 and 524:
Declaring Variables 499 Declaring V
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Using Operators 501 Table 4-3 Logic
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Branching Statements 503 Command; }
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Creating Functions 505 If you don
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Creating Objects 507 Creating Objec
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Chapter 5: Ruby In This Chapter Un
Page 535 and 536:
Using Operators 511 # long time to
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Using Operators 513 Table 5-3 Logic
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Looping Statements 515 Command else
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Using Data Structures 517 Using Dat
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Creating Objects 519 To tell an obj
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Book VI Programming Language Syntax
Page 547 and 548:
Chapter 1: C and C++ In This Chapte
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Declaring Variables 525 Despite min
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Declaring Variables 527 All integer
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Using Operators 529 Relational oper
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Branching Statements 531 Table 1-6
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Looping Statements 533 switch (expr
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Data Structures 535 If a function d
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Using Objects 537 Now you can decla
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Using Objects 539 To inherit from m
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Chapter 2: Java and C# In This Chap
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Declaring Variables 543 The double
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Using Operators 545 Declaring float
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Using Operators 547 The increment o
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Branching Statements 549 if (condit
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Looping Statements 551 Because no b
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Data Structures 553 If the function
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Data Structures 555 You can create
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Using Objects 557 So if you created
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Chapter 3: Perl and Python In This
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Using Operators 561 You can write b
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Using Operators 563 The relational
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Looping Statements 567 In Python, t
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Perl Data Structures 569 A typical
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Python Data Structures 571 Creating
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Using Objects 573 After you define
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Chapter 4: Pascal and Delphi In Thi
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Declaring Variables 577 Creating Co
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Declaring Constants 579 Declaring d
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Looping Statements 583 Looping Stat
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Data Structures 585 FUNCTION Functi
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Creating Objects 587 clear a dynami
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Chapter 5: Visual Basic and REALbas
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The Structure of a BASIC Program 59
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Declaring Variables 593 Declaring i
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Declaring Constants 595 Declaring B
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Branching Statements 599 The preced
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Creating Subprograms and Functions
Page 627 and 628:
Data Structures 603 Data Structures
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Creating Objects 605 Creating Objec
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Book VII Applications
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Chapter 1: Database Management In T
Page 635 and 636:
The Basics of Databases 611 To retr
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The Basics of Databases 613 Althoug
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The Basics of Databases 615 Employe
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Manipulating Data 617 Tables divide
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Manipulating Data 619 The Join comm
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Manipulating Data 621 SET PhoneNumb
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Database Programming 623 Figure 1-1
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Chapter 2: Bioinformatics In This C
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The Basics of Bioinformatics 627 Un
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Searching Databases 629 ✦ Swiss-P
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Bioinformatics Programming 631 Alth
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Chapter 3: Computer Security In Thi
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Stopping Malware 635 Worms Similar
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Stopping Hackers 637 Stopping Hacke
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Secure Computing 639 Forensics If y
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Secure Computing 641 start. The ide
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Chapter 4: Artificial Intelligence
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Problem Solving 645 Game-playing Be
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Problem Solving 647 Expert System K
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Problem Solving 649 Humans can unde
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Problem Solving 651 Such speech rec
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Machine Learning 653 With LISP, eve
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Machine Learning 655 Robotics and a
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`Chapter 5: The Future of Computer
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Picking an Operating System 659 opt
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Cross-Platform Programming 661 Unfo
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Cross-Platform Programming 663 The
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Cross-Platform Programming 665 Anot
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The Programming Language of the Fut
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The Programming Language of the Fut
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Index Numerics 0 (zero) initializin
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Index 673 blocks of commands in cur
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Index 675 dictionaries versus, 352
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Index 677 database management conne
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Index 679 enumerated variables (C/C
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Index 681 hybrid OOP languages, 246
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Index 683 knowledge base, 646, 647
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Index 685 modeling, 44-45 Modula-2
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Index 687 advantages and disadvanta
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Index 689 looping statements, 600-6
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Index 691 extreme programming metho
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Index 693 source code as, 264 tab-d
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Index 695 as event-driven programmi
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