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616 The Basics of Databases A column in a table represents a single field, often called an attribute. A row in a table represents a single record, often called a tuple. What makes tables useful is that you can link them together. So whereas one table may appear to contain names and addresses while a second table might also contain names and departments, the two tables are actually sharing information. Instead of having to type a name twice in both tables, you need to type the name only once, and the link between separate tables automatically keeps that information updated and accurate in all other linked tables. By linking or relating tables together, you can combine data in different ways. If you have a list of customers stored in one table and a list of sales in another table, you can relate these two tables to show which customers are buying which products, or which products are most popular in specific sales regions. Basically, relating tables together allows you to create virtual databases by sharing and combining data from separate database tables. By combining data from separate tables, you can uncover hidden information behind your data, as shown in Figure 1-6. Name Table Employee ID Name Table Department Bill Adams Sally Tarkin Johnny Brown Doug Hall Yolanda Lee Sam Collins Randy May Al Neander Kal Baker 4Y78 8U90 4T33 4A24 9Z49 1Q55 2E03 4M79 2B27 Bill Adams Sally Tarkin Johnny Brown Doug Hall Yolanda Lee Sam Collins Randy May Al Neander Kal Baker Public relations Human resources Engineering Engineering Human resources Engineering Public relations Public relations Human resources Name Employee ID Department Figure 1-6: Relational databases let you combine data from different tables. Bill Adams Sally Tarkin Johnny Brown Doug Hall Yolanda Lee Sam Collins Randy May Al Neander Kal Baker 4Y78 8U90 4T33 4A24 9Z49 1Q55 2E03 4M79 2B27 Public relations Human resources Engineering Engineering Human resources Engineering Public relations Public relations Human resources
Manipulating Data 617 Tables divide data into groups, but taken on a larger scale, it’s possible to divide an entire database into multiple databases that are physically separate. Such databases are distributed databases. A company might use a distributed database to keep track of all its employees. A branch office in Asia might have a database of employees in Singapore, another branch in Europe might have a database of employees in England, and a third branch in America might have a database of employees in California. Combining these separate databases would create a single database of all the company’s employees. Manipulating Data After you define the structure of a database by organizing information in tables and fields, the next step is to write commands for modifying and manipulating that information. This can be as simple as adding data to a specific table or as complicated as retrieving data from three different tables, reorganizing this information alphabetically by last name, and displaying this list on the screen with mathematical calculations showing sales results for each person and a total amount for an entire department and company. The three basic commands for manipulating data are Select, Project, and Join. The Select command retrieves a single row or tuple from a table. So if you want to retrieve someone’s name to find her e-mail address, you could use the Select command, as shown in Figure 1-7. Book VII Chapter 1 Figure 1-7: The Select command retrieves a single record or tuple. Select Name Bill Adams Sally Tarkin Johnny Brown Doug Hall Yolanda Lee Sam Collins Randy May Al Neander Kal Baker Name Sam Collins Employee ID 4Y78 8U90 4T33 4A24 9Z49 1Q55 2E03 4M79 2B27 Employee ID 1Q55 Department Public relations Human resources Engineering Engineering Human resources Engineering Public relations Public relations Human resources Department Engineering Database Management
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Beginning Programming ALL-IN-ONE DE
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Beginning Programming ALL-IN-ONE DE
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About the Author I started off as a
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Acknowledgments This is the part of
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Contents at a Glance Introduction .
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Table of Contents Introduction.....
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Table of Contents xi Finding an Int
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Table of Contents xiii Playing with
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Table of Contents xv Using Structur
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Table of Contents xvii Searching wi
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Table of Contents xix Book VI: Prog
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Table of Contents xxi Declaring Con
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Introduction If you enjoy using a c
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How to Use This Book 3 means they
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Book I Getting Started
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Chapter 1: Getting Started Programm
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How Computer Programming Works 9 De
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The History of Computer Programming
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Figuring Out Programming 17 As a ge
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Figuring Out Programming 19 ✦ Lin
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Figuring Out Programming 21 Convert
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Figuring Out Programming 23 certain
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Getting Started with Programming 25
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Knowing Programming versus Knowing
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Chapter 2: Different Methods for Wr
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Spaghetti Programming without a Pla
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Planning Ahead with Structured Prog
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Making User Interfaces with Event-D
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Making User Interfaces with Event-D
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Organizing a Program with Object-Or
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Chapter 3: Types of Programming Lan
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Choosing Your First Language 51 ext
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Teaching Languages 53 Principles Be
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Teaching Languages 55 The Interacti
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Teaching Languages 57 near future.
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Teaching Languages 59 The main disa
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Teaching Languages 61 Book I Chapte
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“Curly Bracket” Languages 63
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“Curly Bracket” Languages 65 Th
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“Curly Bracket” Languages 67 C#
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“Curly Bracket” Languages 69 Vi
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Artificial Intelligence Languages 7
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Scripting Languages 73 2. From the
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Scripting Languages 75 In compariso
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Scripting Languages 77 Transferring
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Database Programming Languages 79 @
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Comparing Programming Languages 81
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Chapter 4: Programming Tools In Thi
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Choosing a Compiler 85 3. Choose a
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Choosing a Compiler 87 than other c
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Choosing a Compiler 89 With a cross
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Finding an Interpreter 91 In the ol
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Compiling to a Virtual Machine 93 C
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Writing a Program with an Editor 95
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Fixing a Program with a Debugger 97
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Creating a Help File 103 Obviously,
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Dissecting Programs with a Disassem
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Chapter 5: Managing Large Projects
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Software Engineering Methods 109 Fi
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Software Engineering Methods 111 de
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Software Engineering Methods 113 Ad
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Automating Software Engineering wit
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The Pros and Cons of Software Engin
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Book II Programming Basics
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Chapter 1: How Programs Work In Thi
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Using Keywords as Building Blocks 1
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Organizing a Program 131 So if your
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Dividing a Program into Subprograms
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Dividing a Program into Objects 135
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Dividing a Program into Objects 137
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Creating a User Interface 139 The u
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Chapter 2: Variables, Data Types, a
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Declaring Variables 143 This BASIC
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Declaring Variables 145 You can alw
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Declaring Variables 147 Every progr
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Using Different Data Types 149 type
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Retrieving Data from a Variable 151
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Using Constant Values 153 Using Con
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Defining the Scope of a Variable 15
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Chapter 3: Manipulating Data In Thi
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Using Math to Manipulate Numbers 16
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Using Math to Manipulate Numbers 16
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Manipulating Strings 167 Most progr
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Finding Strings with Regular Expres
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Finding Strings with Regular Expres
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Using Comparison Operators 173 Comp
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Using Boolean Operators 175 Most pr
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Using Boolean Operators 177 So if t
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Converting Data Types 179 Both type
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Chapter 4: Making Decisions by Bran
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Picking One Choice with the IF-THEN
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Picking Three or More Choices with
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Picking Three or More Choices with
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Playing with Multiple Boolean Opera
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Making Multiple Choices with the SE
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Chapter 5: Repeating Commands by Lo
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Looping a Fixed Number of Times wit
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Looping Zero or More Times with the
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Playing with Nested Loops 209 This
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Checking Your Loops 211 Outer loop
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Chapter 6: Breaking a Large Program
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Creating and Using Subprograms 215
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Creating and Using Subprograms 217
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Passing Parameters 219 The #include
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Passing Parameters 221 Figure 6-5:
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Passing Parameters 223 When you pas
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Passing Parameters 225 DIM Temp AS
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Repeating a Subprogram with Recursi
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Repeating a Subprogram with Recursi
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Chapter 7: Breaking a Large Program
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How Object-Oriented Programming Wor
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Encapsulation Isolates Data and Sub
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Encapsulation Isolates Data and Sub
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Sharing Code with Inheritance 239 S
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Sharing Code with Inheritance 241 F
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Design Patterns 243 However, when y
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Design Patterns 245 The flyweight p
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Object-Oriented Languages 247 Becau
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Real-Life Programming Examples 249
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Chapter 8: Reading and Saving Files
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Storing Data in Text Files 261 A co
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Storing Data in Text Files 263 Read
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Storing Fixed Size Data in Random-A
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Storing Fixed Size Data in Random-A
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Storing Varying Size Data in Untype
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Using Database Files 271 Figure 8-5
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Using Database Files 273 Think of a
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Using Database Files 275 When using
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Chapter 9: Documenting Your Program
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Adding Comments to Source Code 279
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Writing Software Documentation 285
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Writing Software Documentation 287
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Chapter 10: Principles of User Inte
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The Evolution of User Interfaces 29
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Elements of a User Interface 293 GU
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Elements of a User Interface 295 Fi
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Elements of a User Interface 297 If
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Designing a User Interface 303 diff
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Designing a User Interface 305 A we
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Designing a User Interface 307 Figu
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Book III Data Structures
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Chapter 1: Structures and Arrays In
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Using Structures 313 If you wanted
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Using an Array 315 the array, which
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Using an Array 317 Perkins has empl
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Working with Resizable Arrays 319 D
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Working with Multi-Dimensional Arra
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Using Structures with Arrays 323 Th
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Drawbacks of Arrays 325 To store da
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Drawbacks of Arrays 327 Suppose you
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Chapter 2: Sets and Linked Lists In
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Using Sets 331 Adding (and deleting
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Using Sets 333 This command asks th
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Using Sets 335 Bill Evans John Doe
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Using Linked Lists 337 This tells t
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Using Linked Lists 339 Each time yo
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Drawbacks of Sets and Linked Lists
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Drawbacks of Sets and Linked Lists
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Chapter 3: Collections and Dictiona
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Using a Collection 347 Every elemen
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Using a Collection 349 When you del
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Using a Collection 351 Figure 3-6:
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Understanding Hash Tables 353 Every
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Understanding Hash Tables 355 VP Ke
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Understanding Hash Tables 357 ✦ D
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Understanding Hash Tables 359 In ge
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Chapter 4: Stacks, Queues, and Dequ
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Using a Stack 363 Like a collection
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Using Queues 365 Counting and searc
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Using Queues 367 Adding data to a q
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Using Queues 369 Figure 4-6: The Pe
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Using Deques 371 Initially, a deque
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Using Deques 373 Figure 4-11: The U
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Chapter 5: Graphs and Trees In This
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Understanding Graphs 377 457 miles
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Understanding Graphs 379 Figure 5-4
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Creating Trees 381 Figure 5-5: A tr
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Creating Trees 383 For example, an
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Taking Action on Trees 385 Traversi
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Taking Action on Trees 387 10 8 12
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Taking Action on Trees 389 10 8 12
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Book IV Algorithms
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Chapter 1: Sorting Algorithms In Th
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Using Bubble Sort 395 32 9 74 21 Or
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Using Insertion Sort 397 32 9 74 21
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Using Shell Sort 399 32 9 74 21 50
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Using Heap Sort 401 Heap sort dumps
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Using Merge Sort 403 94 46 74 21 32
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Using Quick Sort 405 Using Quick So
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Comparing Sorting Algorithms 407 If
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Chapter 2: Searching Algorithms In
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Sequential Search 411 Backward or f
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Sequential Search 413 Binary search
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Sequential Search 415 Fibonacci num
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Using Indexes 417 102 John Smith 55
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Adversarial Search 419 The more lev
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Adversarial Search 421 So if the co
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Chapter 3: String Searching In This
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Sequential Text Search 425 In this
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Sequential Text Search 427 The Shif
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Searching with Regular Expressions
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Searching Phonetically 431 Both sym
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Searching Phonetically 433 If you h
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Chapter 4: Data Compression Algorit
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Lossless Data Compression Algorithm
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Lossy Data Compression 443 Basicall
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Chapter 5: Encryption Algorithms In
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The Basics of Encryption 447 in a m
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The Basics of Encryption 449 Stream
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The Basics of Encryption 451 Electr
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Symmetric/Asymmetric Encryption Alg
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Cracking Encryption 455 Sender’s
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Cracking Encryption 457 Instead of
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Cracking Encryption 459 Code cracki
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Book V Web Programming
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Chapter 1: HyperText Markup Languag
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The Structure of an HTML Document 4
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The Structure of an HTML Document 4
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Defining the Background 469 Adding
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Making Tables 471 The anchor point
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Making Tables 473 Book V Chapter 1
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Making Tables 475 Column 1 Column
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Chapter 2: CSS In This Chapter Und
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Creating Style Classes 479 color :
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Separating Styles in Files 481 Sepa
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Cascading Stylesheets 483 If you ha
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Chapter 3: JavaScript In This Chapt
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Declaring Variables 487 need to def
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Using Operators 489 The relational
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Branching Statements 491 To make th
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Using Arrays 493 A variation of the
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Designing User Interfaces 495 A con
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Chapter 4: PHP In This Chapter Und
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Declaring Variables 499 Declaring V
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Using Operators 501 Table 4-3 Logic
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Branching Statements 503 Command; }
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Creating Functions 505 If you don
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Creating Objects 507 Creating Objec
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Chapter 5: Ruby In This Chapter Un
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Using Operators 511 # long time to
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Using Operators 513 Table 5-3 Logic
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Looping Statements 515 Command else
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Using Data Structures 517 Using Dat
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Creating Objects 519 To tell an obj
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Book VI Programming Language Syntax
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Chapter 1: C and C++ In This Chapte
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Declaring Variables 525 Despite min
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Declaring Variables 527 All integer
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Using Operators 529 Relational oper
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Branching Statements 531 Table 1-6
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Looping Statements 533 switch (expr
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Data Structures 535 If a function d
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Using Objects 537 Now you can decla
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Using Objects 539 To inherit from m
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Chapter 2: Java and C# In This Chap
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Declaring Variables 543 The double
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Using Operators 545 Declaring float
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Using Operators 547 The increment o
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Branching Statements 549 if (condit
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Looping Statements 551 Because no b
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Data Structures 553 If the function
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Data Structures 555 You can create
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Using Objects 557 So if you created
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Chapter 3: Perl and Python In This
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Using Operators 561 You can write b
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Using Operators 563 The relational
Page 589 and 590: Branching Statements 565 Table 3-5
Page 591 and 592: Looping Statements 567 In Python, t
Page 593 and 594: Perl Data Structures 569 A typical
Page 595 and 596: Python Data Structures 571 Creating
Page 597 and 598: Using Objects 573 After you define
Page 599 and 600: Chapter 4: Pascal and Delphi In Thi
Page 601 and 602: Declaring Variables 577 Creating Co
Page 603 and 604: Declaring Constants 579 Declaring d
Page 607 and 608: Looping Statements 583 Looping Stat
Page 609 and 610: Data Structures 585 FUNCTION Functi
Page 611 and 612: Creating Objects 587 clear a dynami
Page 613 and 614: Chapter 5: Visual Basic and REALbas
Page 615 and 616: The Structure of a BASIC Program 59
Page 617 and 618: Declaring Variables 593 Declaring i
Page 619 and 620: Declaring Constants 595 Declaring B
Page 623 and 624: Branching Statements 599 The preced
Page 625 and 626: Creating Subprograms and Functions
Page 627 and 628: Data Structures 603 Data Structures
Page 629 and 630: Creating Objects 605 Creating Objec
Page 631 and 632: Book VII Applications
Page 633 and 634: Chapter 1: Database Management In T
Page 635 and 636: The Basics of Databases 611 To retr
Page 637 and 638: The Basics of Databases 613 Althoug
Page 639: The Basics of Databases 615 Employe
Page 643 and 644: Manipulating Data 619 The Join comm
Page 645 and 646: Manipulating Data 621 SET PhoneNumb
Page 647 and 648: Database Programming 623 Figure 1-1
Page 649 and 650: Chapter 2: Bioinformatics In This C
Page 651 and 652: The Basics of Bioinformatics 627 Un
Page 653 and 654: Searching Databases 629 ✦ Swiss-P
Page 655 and 656: Bioinformatics Programming 631 Alth
Page 657 and 658: Chapter 3: Computer Security In Thi
Page 659 and 660: Stopping Malware 635 Worms Similar
Page 661 and 662: Stopping Hackers 637 Stopping Hacke
Page 663 and 664: Secure Computing 639 Forensics If y
Page 665 and 666: Secure Computing 641 start. The ide
Page 667 and 668: Chapter 4: Artificial Intelligence
Page 669 and 670: Problem Solving 645 Game-playing Be
Page 671 and 672: Problem Solving 647 Expert System K
Page 673 and 674: Problem Solving 649 Humans can unde
Page 675 and 676: Problem Solving 651 Such speech rec
Page 677 and 678: Machine Learning 653 With LISP, eve
Page 679 and 680: Machine Learning 655 Robotics and a
Page 681 and 682: `Chapter 5: The Future of Computer
Page 683 and 684: Picking an Operating System 659 opt
Page 685 and 686: Cross-Platform Programming 661 Unfo
Page 687 and 688: Cross-Platform Programming 663 The
Page 689 and 690: Cross-Platform Programming 665 Anot
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The Programming Language of the Fut
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The Programming Language of the Fut
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Index Numerics 0 (zero) initializin
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Index 673 blocks of commands in cur
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Index 675 dictionaries versus, 352
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Index 677 database management conne
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Index 679 enumerated variables (C/C
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Index 681 hybrid OOP languages, 246
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Index 683 knowledge base, 646, 647
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Index 685 modeling, 44-45 Modula-2
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Index 687 advantages and disadvanta
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Index 689 looping statements, 600-6
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Index 691 extreme programming metho
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Index 693 source code as, 264 tab-d
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Index 695 as event-driven programmi
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BUSINESS, CAREERS & PERSONAL FINANC
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