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24 Getting Started with Programming a single programming language. Others prefer to master the intricacies of writing programs for a specific operating system, such as Windows. Still others spend their time discovering a variety of programming languages and writing programs for different operating systems. There is no right or wrong way to figure out programming. The only “right” way is the way that works for you. That’s why self-taught programmers can often write programs that are just as good (or even better) than programs written by PhD computer scientists. Like any skill, the more time you spend programming a computer, the better you get. This book is designed to help you get started, but ultimately, it’s up to you to take what you know and start programming your own computer. Believe it or not, programming a computer is actually fairly straightforward. The hard part is trying to write a program that actually works. Getting Started with Programming You can read about computer programming from a book, but the best way to understand computer programming is to actually write some programs on a real computer. If you don’t have a computer, borrow a friend’s computer or find some other way to get access to a computer. Trying to become skilled at computer programming without a computer is like trying to become skilled at swimming without any water. To find out about programming, you need an editor and a compiler that works on your computer. Although you could buy an editor and a compiler, why bother when you can find so many editors and compilers for free? You can figure out programming by using a free editor and a compiler; if you later decide you don’t like programming or the particular editor and compiler you’re using, you haven’t lost any money, so just erase it off your computer. Starting with Windows To encourage as many people as possible to write programs for Windows, Microsoft gives away free compilers called Visual Basic Express, Visual C++ Express, Visual C# Express, and Visual J++, which you can download from the Internet at http://msdn.microsoft.com/vstudio/express. Most professional programmers use Microsoft compilers, so if you’re interested in knowing how to write programs for Windows, you might as well discover programming through one of Microsoft’s compilers as well.
Getting Started with Programming 25 If you don’t want to use one of Microsoft’s free compilers, plenty of free alternatives are just as good (or better). One popular compiler company is Borland, which offers three free compilers called Turbo C++, Turbo C#, and Turbo Delphi. You can download these at www.turboexplorer.com. By giving away free compilers, companies like Microsoft and Borland hope to get you “hooked” on using their tools so you’ll eventually buy the more advanced, professional versions that offer additional features. If you need to write programs professionally, you’ll probably want to buy these professional versions, but when you’re just starting to program, these free compilers are great ways to discover programming without having to spend any money. Book I Chapter 1 Getting Started Programming a Computer Some other free Windows compilers include Dev-C++ and Dev-Pascal (www.bloodshed.net) and Just BASIC (www.justbasic.com). Starting with Mac OS X The most popular compiler for writing Mac OS X programs is Xcode, which comes with every Macintosh, although you can download the latest version for free at http://developer.apple.com/tools. Xcode is the same compiler that Microsoft, Adobe, and even Apple use to create programs like Microsoft Excel, Adobe PhotoShop, and iTunes. Although most Mac OS X programmers use the free Xcode program to help them write programs, you can always buy other compilers for the Macintosh. The main reason to buy a compiler, rather than use the free Xcode tool, is if you want to use a programming language that Xcode doesn’t offer, such as BASIC. (Xcode lets you write programs in C, C++, Objective-C, and Java.) Starting with Linux The most popular free compiler for Linux is GCC, which stands for GNU Compiler Collection (http://gcc.gnu.org). Unlike other compilers that can compile only a single programming language, the GCC compiler can compile programs written in a variety of different programming languages. The GCC compiler can compile programs written in C, C++, Objective-C, FOR- TRAN, Java, and Ada. If these names of programming languages mean nothing to you, don’t worry. The ability to compile different programming languages just means that you can use the GCC compiler when writing a program in one of the more popular programming languages. The GCC compiler is the same compiler used in Apple’s Xcode program.
Page 1 and 2: Beginning Programming ALL-IN-ONE DE
Page 3 and 4: Beginning Programming ALL-IN-ONE DE
Page 5 and 6: About the Author I started off as a
Page 7 and 8: Acknowledgments This is the part of
Page 9 and 10: Contents at a Glance Introduction .
Page 11 and 12: Table of Contents Introduction.....
Page 13 and 14: Table of Contents xi Finding an Int
Page 15 and 16: Table of Contents xiii Playing with
Page 17 and 18: Table of Contents xv Using Structur
Page 19 and 20: Table of Contents xvii Searching wi
Page 21 and 22: Table of Contents xix Book VI: Prog
Page 23 and 24: Table of Contents xxi Declaring Con
Page 25 and 26: Introduction If you enjoy using a c
Page 27 and 28: How to Use This Book 3 means they
Page 29 and 30: Book I Getting Started
Page 31 and 32: Chapter 1: Getting Started Programm
Page 33 and 34: How Computer Programming Works 9 De
Page 35 and 36: The History of Computer Programming
Page 41 and 42: Figuring Out Programming 17 As a ge
Page 43 and 44: Figuring Out Programming 19 ✦ Lin
Page 45 and 46: Figuring Out Programming 21 Convert
Page 47: Figuring Out Programming 23 certain
Page 51 and 52: Knowing Programming versus Knowing
Page 53 and 54: Chapter 2: Different Methods for Wr
Page 55 and 56: Spaghetti Programming without a Pla
Page 57 and 58: Planning Ahead with Structured Prog
Page 63 and 64: Making User Interfaces with Event-D
Page 65 and 66: Making User Interfaces with Event-D
Page 67 and 68: Organizing a Program with Object-Or
Page 73 and 74: Chapter 3: Types of Programming Lan
Page 75 and 76: Choosing Your First Language 51 ext
Page 77 and 78: Teaching Languages 53 Principles Be
Page 79 and 80: Teaching Languages 55 The Interacti
Page 81 and 82: Teaching Languages 57 near future.
Page 83 and 84: Teaching Languages 59 The main disa
Page 85 and 86: Teaching Languages 61 Book I Chapte
Page 87 and 88: “Curly Bracket” Languages 63
Page 89 and 90: “Curly Bracket” Languages 65 Th
Page 91 and 92: “Curly Bracket” Languages 67 C#
Page 93 and 94: “Curly Bracket” Languages 69 Vi
Page 95 and 96: Artificial Intelligence Languages 7
Page 97 and 98: Scripting Languages 73 2. From the
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Scripting Languages 75 In compariso
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Scripting Languages 77 Transferring
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Database Programming Languages 79 @
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Comparing Programming Languages 81
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Chapter 4: Programming Tools In Thi
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Choosing a Compiler 85 3. Choose a
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Choosing a Compiler 87 than other c
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Choosing a Compiler 89 With a cross
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Finding an Interpreter 91 In the ol
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Compiling to a Virtual Machine 93 C
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Writing a Program with an Editor 95
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Fixing a Program with a Debugger 97
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Creating a Help File 103 Obviously,
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Dissecting Programs with a Disassem
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Chapter 5: Managing Large Projects
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Software Engineering Methods 109 Fi
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Software Engineering Methods 111 de
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Software Engineering Methods 113 Ad
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Automating Software Engineering wit
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The Pros and Cons of Software Engin
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Book II Programming Basics
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Chapter 1: How Programs Work In Thi
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Using Keywords as Building Blocks 1
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Organizing a Program 131 So if your
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Dividing a Program into Subprograms
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Dividing a Program into Objects 135
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Dividing a Program into Objects 137
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Creating a User Interface 139 The u
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Chapter 2: Variables, Data Types, a
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Declaring Variables 143 This BASIC
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Declaring Variables 145 You can alw
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Declaring Variables 147 Every progr
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Using Different Data Types 149 type
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Retrieving Data from a Variable 151
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Using Constant Values 153 Using Con
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Defining the Scope of a Variable 15
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Chapter 3: Manipulating Data In Thi
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Using Math to Manipulate Numbers 16
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Using Math to Manipulate Numbers 16
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Manipulating Strings 167 Most progr
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Finding Strings with Regular Expres
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Finding Strings with Regular Expres
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Using Comparison Operators 173 Comp
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Using Boolean Operators 175 Most pr
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Using Boolean Operators 177 So if t
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Converting Data Types 179 Both type
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Chapter 4: Making Decisions by Bran
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Picking One Choice with the IF-THEN
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Picking Three or More Choices with
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Picking Three or More Choices with
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Playing with Multiple Boolean Opera
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Making Multiple Choices with the SE
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Chapter 5: Repeating Commands by Lo
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Looping a Fixed Number of Times wit
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Looping Zero or More Times with the
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Playing with Nested Loops 209 This
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Checking Your Loops 211 Outer loop
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Chapter 6: Breaking a Large Program
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Creating and Using Subprograms 215
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Creating and Using Subprograms 217
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Passing Parameters 219 The #include
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Passing Parameters 221 Figure 6-5:
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Passing Parameters 223 When you pas
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Passing Parameters 225 DIM Temp AS
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Repeating a Subprogram with Recursi
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Repeating a Subprogram with Recursi
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Chapter 7: Breaking a Large Program
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How Object-Oriented Programming Wor
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Encapsulation Isolates Data and Sub
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Encapsulation Isolates Data and Sub
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Sharing Code with Inheritance 239 S
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Sharing Code with Inheritance 241 F
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Design Patterns 243 However, when y
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Design Patterns 245 The flyweight p
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Object-Oriented Languages 247 Becau
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Real-Life Programming Examples 249
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Chapter 8: Reading and Saving Files
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Storing Data in Text Files 261 A co
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Storing Data in Text Files 263 Read
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Storing Fixed Size Data in Random-A
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Storing Fixed Size Data in Random-A
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Storing Varying Size Data in Untype
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Using Database Files 271 Figure 8-5
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Using Database Files 273 Think of a
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Using Database Files 275 When using
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Chapter 9: Documenting Your Program
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Adding Comments to Source Code 279
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Writing Software Documentation 285
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Writing Software Documentation 287
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Chapter 10: Principles of User Inte
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The Evolution of User Interfaces 29
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Elements of a User Interface 293 GU
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Elements of a User Interface 295 Fi
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Elements of a User Interface 297 If
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Designing a User Interface 303 diff
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Designing a User Interface 305 A we
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Designing a User Interface 307 Figu
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Book III Data Structures
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Chapter 1: Structures and Arrays In
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Using Structures 313 If you wanted
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Using an Array 315 the array, which
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Using an Array 317 Perkins has empl
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Working with Resizable Arrays 319 D
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Working with Multi-Dimensional Arra
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Using Structures with Arrays 323 Th
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Drawbacks of Arrays 325 To store da
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Drawbacks of Arrays 327 Suppose you
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Chapter 2: Sets and Linked Lists In
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Using Sets 331 Adding (and deleting
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Using Sets 333 This command asks th
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Using Sets 335 Bill Evans John Doe
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Using Linked Lists 337 This tells t
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Using Linked Lists 339 Each time yo
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Drawbacks of Sets and Linked Lists
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Drawbacks of Sets and Linked Lists
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Chapter 3: Collections and Dictiona
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Using a Collection 347 Every elemen
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Using a Collection 349 When you del
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Using a Collection 351 Figure 3-6:
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Understanding Hash Tables 353 Every
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Understanding Hash Tables 355 VP Ke
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Understanding Hash Tables 357 ✦ D
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Understanding Hash Tables 359 In ge
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Chapter 4: Stacks, Queues, and Dequ
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Using a Stack 363 Like a collection
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Using Queues 365 Counting and searc
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Using Queues 367 Adding data to a q
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Using Queues 369 Figure 4-6: The Pe
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Using Deques 371 Initially, a deque
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Using Deques 373 Figure 4-11: The U
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Chapter 5: Graphs and Trees In This
Page 401 and 402:
Understanding Graphs 377 457 miles
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Understanding Graphs 379 Figure 5-4
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Creating Trees 381 Figure 5-5: A tr
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Creating Trees 383 For example, an
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Taking Action on Trees 385 Traversi
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Taking Action on Trees 387 10 8 12
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Taking Action on Trees 389 10 8 12
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Book IV Algorithms
Page 417 and 418:
Chapter 1: Sorting Algorithms In Th
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Using Bubble Sort 395 32 9 74 21 Or
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Using Insertion Sort 397 32 9 74 21
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Using Shell Sort 399 32 9 74 21 50
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Using Heap Sort 401 Heap sort dumps
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Using Merge Sort 403 94 46 74 21 32
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Using Quick Sort 405 Using Quick So
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Comparing Sorting Algorithms 407 If
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Chapter 2: Searching Algorithms In
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Sequential Search 411 Backward or f
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Sequential Search 413 Binary search
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Sequential Search 415 Fibonacci num
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Using Indexes 417 102 John Smith 55
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Adversarial Search 419 The more lev
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Adversarial Search 421 So if the co
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Chapter 3: String Searching In This
Page 449 and 450:
Sequential Text Search 425 In this
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Sequential Text Search 427 The Shif
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Searching with Regular Expressions
Page 455 and 456:
Searching Phonetically 431 Both sym
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Searching Phonetically 433 If you h
Page 459 and 460:
Chapter 4: Data Compression Algorit
Page 461 and 462:
Lossless Data Compression Algorithm
Page 463 and 464:
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Page 467 and 468:
Lossy Data Compression 443 Basicall
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Chapter 5: Encryption Algorithms In
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The Basics of Encryption 447 in a m
Page 473 and 474:
The Basics of Encryption 449 Stream
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The Basics of Encryption 451 Electr
Page 477 and 478:
Symmetric/Asymmetric Encryption Alg
Page 479 and 480:
Cracking Encryption 455 Sender’s
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Cracking Encryption 457 Instead of
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Cracking Encryption 459 Code cracki
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Book V Web Programming
Page 487 and 488:
Chapter 1: HyperText Markup Languag
Page 489 and 490:
The Structure of an HTML Document 4
Page 491 and 492:
The Structure of an HTML Document 4
Page 493 and 494:
Defining the Background 469 Adding
Page 495 and 496:
Making Tables 471 The anchor point
Page 497 and 498:
Making Tables 473 Book V Chapter 1
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Making Tables 475 Column 1 Column
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Chapter 2: CSS In This Chapter Und
Page 503 and 504:
Creating Style Classes 479 color :
Page 505 and 506:
Separating Styles in Files 481 Sepa
Page 507 and 508:
Cascading Stylesheets 483 If you ha
Page 509 and 510:
Chapter 3: JavaScript In This Chapt
Page 511 and 512:
Declaring Variables 487 need to def
Page 513 and 514:
Using Operators 489 The relational
Page 515 and 516:
Branching Statements 491 To make th
Page 517 and 518:
Using Arrays 493 A variation of the
Page 519 and 520:
Designing User Interfaces 495 A con
Page 521 and 522:
Chapter 4: PHP In This Chapter Und
Page 523 and 524:
Declaring Variables 499 Declaring V
Page 525 and 526:
Using Operators 501 Table 4-3 Logic
Page 527 and 528:
Branching Statements 503 Command; }
Page 529 and 530:
Creating Functions 505 If you don
Page 531 and 532:
Creating Objects 507 Creating Objec
Page 533 and 534:
Chapter 5: Ruby In This Chapter Un
Page 535 and 536:
Using Operators 511 # long time to
Page 537 and 538:
Using Operators 513 Table 5-3 Logic
Page 539 and 540:
Looping Statements 515 Command else
Page 541 and 542:
Using Data Structures 517 Using Dat
Page 543 and 544:
Creating Objects 519 To tell an obj
Page 545 and 546:
Book VI Programming Language Syntax
Page 547 and 548:
Chapter 1: C and C++ In This Chapte
Page 549 and 550:
Declaring Variables 525 Despite min
Page 551 and 552:
Declaring Variables 527 All integer
Page 553 and 554:
Using Operators 529 Relational oper
Page 555 and 556:
Branching Statements 531 Table 1-6
Page 557 and 558:
Looping Statements 533 switch (expr
Page 559 and 560:
Data Structures 535 If a function d
Page 561 and 562:
Using Objects 537 Now you can decla
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Using Objects 539 To inherit from m
Page 565 and 566:
Chapter 2: Java and C# In This Chap
Page 567 and 568:
Declaring Variables 543 The double
Page 569 and 570:
Using Operators 545 Declaring float
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Using Operators 547 The increment o
Page 573 and 574:
Branching Statements 549 if (condit
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Looping Statements 551 Because no b
Page 577 and 578:
Data Structures 553 If the function
Page 579 and 580:
Data Structures 555 You can create
Page 581 and 582:
Using Objects 557 So if you created
Page 583 and 584:
Chapter 3: Perl and Python In This
Page 585 and 586:
Using Operators 561 You can write b
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Using Operators 563 The relational
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Looping Statements 567 In Python, t
Page 593 and 594:
Perl Data Structures 569 A typical
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Python Data Structures 571 Creating
Page 597 and 598:
Using Objects 573 After you define
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Chapter 4: Pascal and Delphi In Thi
Page 601 and 602:
Declaring Variables 577 Creating Co
Page 603 and 604:
Declaring Constants 579 Declaring d
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Page 607 and 608:
Looping Statements 583 Looping Stat
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Data Structures 585 FUNCTION Functi
Page 611 and 612:
Creating Objects 587 clear a dynami
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Chapter 5: Visual Basic and REALbas
Page 615 and 616:
The Structure of a BASIC Program 59
Page 617 and 618:
Declaring Variables 593 Declaring i
Page 619 and 620:
Declaring Constants 595 Declaring B
Page 621 and 622:
Page 623 and 624:
Branching Statements 599 The preced
Page 625 and 626:
Creating Subprograms and Functions
Page 627 and 628:
Data Structures 603 Data Structures
Page 629 and 630:
Creating Objects 605 Creating Objec
Page 631 and 632:
Book VII Applications
Page 633 and 634:
Chapter 1: Database Management In T
Page 635 and 636:
The Basics of Databases 611 To retr
Page 637 and 638:
The Basics of Databases 613 Althoug
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The Basics of Databases 615 Employe
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Manipulating Data 617 Tables divide
Page 643 and 644:
Manipulating Data 619 The Join comm
Page 645 and 646:
Manipulating Data 621 SET PhoneNumb
Page 647 and 648:
Database Programming 623 Figure 1-1
Page 649 and 650:
Chapter 2: Bioinformatics In This C
Page 651 and 652:
The Basics of Bioinformatics 627 Un
Page 653 and 654:
Searching Databases 629 ✦ Swiss-P
Page 655 and 656:
Bioinformatics Programming 631 Alth
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Chapter 3: Computer Security In Thi
Page 659 and 660:
Stopping Malware 635 Worms Similar
Page 661 and 662:
Stopping Hackers 637 Stopping Hacke
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Secure Computing 639 Forensics If y
Page 665 and 666:
Secure Computing 641 start. The ide
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Chapter 4: Artificial Intelligence
Page 669 and 670:
Problem Solving 645 Game-playing Be
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Problem Solving 647 Expert System K
Page 673 and 674:
Problem Solving 649 Humans can unde
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Problem Solving 651 Such speech rec
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Machine Learning 653 With LISP, eve
Page 679 and 680:
Machine Learning 655 Robotics and a
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`Chapter 5: The Future of Computer
Page 683 and 684:
Picking an Operating System 659 opt
Page 685 and 686:
Cross-Platform Programming 661 Unfo
Page 687 and 688:
Cross-Platform Programming 663 The
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Cross-Platform Programming 665 Anot
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The Programming Language of the Fut
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The Programming Language of the Fut
Page 695 and 696:
Index Numerics 0 (zero) initializin
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Index 673 blocks of commands in cur
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Index 675 dictionaries versus, 352
Page 701 and 702:
Index 677 database management conne
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Index 679 enumerated variables (C/C
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Index 681 hybrid OOP languages, 246
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Index 683 knowledge base, 646, 647
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Index 685 modeling, 44-45 Modula-2
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Index 687 advantages and disadvanta
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Index 689 looping statements, 600-6
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Index 691 extreme programming metho
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Index 693 source code as, 264 tab-d
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Index 695 as event-driven programmi
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