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562 Using Operators Table 3-1 Mathematical Operators Mathematical Operator Purpose Example + Addition 5 + 3.4 - Subtraction 203.9 - 9.12 * Multiplication 39 * 146.7 / Division 45/ 8.41 % Modula division (returns the remainder) 35 % 9 = 8 ** Exponentiation 5**2 = 25 divmod (x,y) (Python only) Returns both x / y and x % y divmod (12,8) = (1,4) When Python uses the division operator (/) to divide two integers, the result will be an integer, such as 9/4 = 2 If at least one number is a decimal, the result will also be a decimal, such as Or 9.0/4 = 2.25 9/4.0 = 2.25 Relational operators compare two values and return a True or False value. The six relational operators available are shown in Table 3-2. Table 3-2 Relational Operator Purpose == Equal != Not equal < Less than Relational Operators Greater than >= Greater than or equal to < = > (Perl only) Comparison with signed result
Using Operators 563 The relational operator in Perl/Python is two equal sign symbols (==) whereas the relational operator in other <strong>programming</strong> languages is just a single equal sign symbol (=). If you only use a single equal sign to compare two values in Perl/Python, your program will work but not the way it’s supposed to. Perl offers a unique comparison with signed result operator (< = >), which compares two values and returns 0 (if the two values are equal), 1 (if the first value is greater than the second), or –1 (if the first value is less than the second), as shown in Table 3-3. Book VI Chapter 3 Perl and Python Table 3-3 Using Perl’s Comparison with Signed Result Operator Example Result 5 < = > 5 0 7 < = > 5 1 2 < = > 5 –1 Logical operators compare two Boolean values (True [1] or False [0]) and return a single True or False value, as shown in Table 3-4. Table 3-4 Logical Operators Logical Operator Truth Table && (Perl) and (Python) 1 and 1 = 1 1 and 0 = 0 0 and 1 = 0 0 and 0 = 0 || (Perl) or (Python) 1 or 1 = 1 1 or 0 = 1 0 or 1 = 1 0 or 0 = 0 ! (Perl) not (Python) !1 = False (0) !0 = True (1) Increment and decrement operators Perl (but not Python) has a special increment (++) and a decrement (--) operator, which simply adds or subtracts 1 to a variable. Typically, adding 1 to a variable looks like this: j = 5; i = j + 1;
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Beginning Programming ALL-IN-ONE DE
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Beginning Programming ALL-IN-ONE DE
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About the Author I started off as a
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Acknowledgments This is the part of
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Contents at a Glance Introduction .
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Table of Contents Introduction.....
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Table of Contents xi Finding an Int
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Table of Contents xiii Playing with
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Table of Contents xv Using Structur
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Table of Contents xvii Searching wi
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Table of Contents xix Book VI: Prog
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Table of Contents xxi Declaring Con
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Introduction If you enjoy using a c
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How to Use This Book 3 means they
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Book I Getting Started
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Chapter 1: Getting Started Programm
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How Computer Programming Works 9 De
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The History of Computer Programming
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Figuring Out Programming 17 As a ge
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Figuring Out Programming 19 ✦ Lin
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Figuring Out Programming 21 Convert
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Figuring Out Programming 23 certain
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Getting Started with Programming 25
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Knowing Programming versus Knowing
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Chapter 2: Different Methods for Wr
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Spaghetti Programming without a Pla
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Planning Ahead with Structured Prog
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Making User Interfaces with Event-D
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Making User Interfaces with Event-D
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Organizing a Program with Object-Or
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Chapter 3: Types of Programming Lan
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Choosing Your First Language 51 ext
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Teaching Languages 53 Principles Be
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Teaching Languages 55 The Interacti
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Teaching Languages 57 near future.
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Teaching Languages 59 The main disa
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Teaching Languages 61 Book I Chapte
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“Curly Bracket” Languages 63
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“Curly Bracket” Languages 65 Th
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“Curly Bracket” Languages 67 C#
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“Curly Bracket” Languages 69 Vi
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Artificial Intelligence Languages 7
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Scripting Languages 73 2. From the
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Scripting Languages 75 In compariso
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Scripting Languages 77 Transferring
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Database Programming Languages 79 @
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Comparing Programming Languages 81
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Chapter 4: Programming Tools In Thi
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Choosing a Compiler 85 3. Choose a
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Choosing a Compiler 87 than other c
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Choosing a Compiler 89 With a cross
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Finding an Interpreter 91 In the ol
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Compiling to a Virtual Machine 93 C
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Writing a Program with an Editor 95
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Fixing a Program with a Debugger 97
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Creating a Help File 103 Obviously,
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Dissecting Programs with a Disassem
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Chapter 5: Managing Large Projects
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Software Engineering Methods 109 Fi
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Software Engineering Methods 111 de
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Software Engineering Methods 113 Ad
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Automating Software Engineering wit
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The Pros and Cons of Software Engin
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Book II Programming Basics
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Chapter 1: How Programs Work In Thi
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Using Keywords as Building Blocks 1
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Organizing a Program 131 So if your
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Dividing a Program into Subprograms
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Dividing a Program into Objects 135
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Dividing a Program into Objects 137
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Creating a User Interface 139 The u
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Chapter 2: Variables, Data Types, a
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Declaring Variables 143 This BASIC
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Declaring Variables 145 You can alw
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Declaring Variables 147 Every progr
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Using Different Data Types 149 type
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Retrieving Data from a Variable 151
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Using Constant Values 153 Using Con
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Defining the Scope of a Variable 15
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Chapter 3: Manipulating Data In Thi
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Using Math to Manipulate Numbers 16
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Using Math to Manipulate Numbers 16
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Manipulating Strings 167 Most progr
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Finding Strings with Regular Expres
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Finding Strings with Regular Expres
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Using Comparison Operators 173 Comp
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Using Boolean Operators 175 Most pr
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Using Boolean Operators 177 So if t
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Converting Data Types 179 Both type
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Chapter 4: Making Decisions by Bran
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Picking One Choice with the IF-THEN
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Picking Three or More Choices with
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Picking Three or More Choices with
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Playing with Multiple Boolean Opera
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Making Multiple Choices with the SE
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Chapter 5: Repeating Commands by Lo
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Looping a Fixed Number of Times wit
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Looping Zero or More Times with the
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Playing with Nested Loops 209 This
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Checking Your Loops 211 Outer loop
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Chapter 6: Breaking a Large Program
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Creating and Using Subprograms 215
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Creating and Using Subprograms 217
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Passing Parameters 219 The #include
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Passing Parameters 221 Figure 6-5:
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Passing Parameters 223 When you pas
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Passing Parameters 225 DIM Temp AS
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Repeating a Subprogram with Recursi
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Repeating a Subprogram with Recursi
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Chapter 7: Breaking a Large Program
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How Object-Oriented Programming Wor
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Encapsulation Isolates Data and Sub
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Encapsulation Isolates Data and Sub
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Sharing Code with Inheritance 239 S
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Sharing Code with Inheritance 241 F
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Design Patterns 243 However, when y
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Design Patterns 245 The flyweight p
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Object-Oriented Languages 247 Becau
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Real-Life Programming Examples 249
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Chapter 8: Reading and Saving Files
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Storing Data in Text Files 261 A co
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Storing Data in Text Files 263 Read
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Storing Fixed Size Data in Random-A
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Storing Fixed Size Data in Random-A
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Storing Varying Size Data in Untype
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Using Database Files 271 Figure 8-5
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Using Database Files 273 Think of a
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Using Database Files 275 When using
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Chapter 9: Documenting Your Program
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Adding Comments to Source Code 279
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Writing Software Documentation 285
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Writing Software Documentation 287
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Chapter 10: Principles of User Inte
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The Evolution of User Interfaces 29
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Elements of a User Interface 293 GU
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Elements of a User Interface 295 Fi
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Elements of a User Interface 297 If
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Designing a User Interface 303 diff
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Designing a User Interface 305 A we
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Designing a User Interface 307 Figu
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Book III Data Structures
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Chapter 1: Structures and Arrays In
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Using Structures 313 If you wanted
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Using an Array 315 the array, which
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Using an Array 317 Perkins has empl
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Working with Resizable Arrays 319 D
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Working with Multi-Dimensional Arra
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Using Structures with Arrays 323 Th
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Drawbacks of Arrays 325 To store da
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Drawbacks of Arrays 327 Suppose you
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Chapter 2: Sets and Linked Lists In
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Using Sets 331 Adding (and deleting
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Using Sets 333 This command asks th
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Using Sets 335 Bill Evans John Doe
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Using Linked Lists 337 This tells t
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Using Linked Lists 339 Each time yo
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Drawbacks of Sets and Linked Lists
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Drawbacks of Sets and Linked Lists
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Chapter 3: Collections and Dictiona
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Using a Collection 347 Every elemen
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Using a Collection 349 When you del
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Using a Collection 351 Figure 3-6:
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Understanding Hash Tables 353 Every
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Understanding Hash Tables 355 VP Ke
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Understanding Hash Tables 357 ✦ D
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Understanding Hash Tables 359 In ge
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Chapter 4: Stacks, Queues, and Dequ
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Using a Stack 363 Like a collection
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Using Queues 365 Counting and searc
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Using Queues 367 Adding data to a q
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Using Queues 369 Figure 4-6: The Pe
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Using Deques 371 Initially, a deque
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Using Deques 373 Figure 4-11: The U
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Chapter 5: Graphs and Trees In This
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Understanding Graphs 377 457 miles
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Understanding Graphs 379 Figure 5-4
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Creating Trees 381 Figure 5-5: A tr
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Creating Trees 383 For example, an
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Taking Action on Trees 385 Traversi
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Taking Action on Trees 387 10 8 12
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Taking Action on Trees 389 10 8 12
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Book IV Algorithms
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Chapter 1: Sorting Algorithms In Th
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Using Bubble Sort 395 32 9 74 21 Or
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Using Insertion Sort 397 32 9 74 21
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Using Shell Sort 399 32 9 74 21 50
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Using Heap Sort 401 Heap sort dumps
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Using Merge Sort 403 94 46 74 21 32
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Using Quick Sort 405 Using Quick So
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Comparing Sorting Algorithms 407 If
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Chapter 2: Searching Algorithms In
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Sequential Search 411 Backward or f
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Sequential Search 413 Binary search
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Sequential Search 415 Fibonacci num
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Using Indexes 417 102 John Smith 55
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Adversarial Search 419 The more lev
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Adversarial Search 421 So if the co
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Chapter 3: String Searching In This
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Sequential Text Search 425 In this
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Sequential Text Search 427 The Shif
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Searching with Regular Expressions
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Searching Phonetically 431 Both sym
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Searching Phonetically 433 If you h
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Chapter 4: Data Compression Algorit
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Lossless Data Compression Algorithm
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Lossy Data Compression 443 Basicall
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Chapter 5: Encryption Algorithms In
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The Basics of Encryption 447 in a m
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The Basics of Encryption 449 Stream
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The Basics of Encryption 451 Electr
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Symmetric/Asymmetric Encryption Alg
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Cracking Encryption 455 Sender’s
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Cracking Encryption 457 Instead of
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Cracking Encryption 459 Code cracki
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Book V Web Programming
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Chapter 1: HyperText Markup Languag
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The Structure of an HTML Document 4
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The Structure of an HTML Document 4
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Defining the Background 469 Adding
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Making Tables 471 The anchor point
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Making Tables 473 Book V Chapter 1
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Making Tables 475 Column 1 Column
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Chapter 2: CSS In This Chapter Und
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Creating Style Classes 479 color :
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Separating Styles in Files 481 Sepa
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Cascading Stylesheets 483 If you ha
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Chapter 3: JavaScript In This Chapt
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Declaring Variables 487 need to def
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Using Operators 489 The relational
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Branching Statements 491 To make th
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Using Arrays 493 A variation of the
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Designing User Interfaces 495 A con
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Chapter 4: PHP In This Chapter Und
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Declaring Variables 499 Declaring V
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Using Operators 501 Table 4-3 Logic
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Branching Statements 503 Command; }
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Creating Functions 505 If you don
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Creating Objects 507 Creating Objec
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Chapter 5: Ruby In This Chapter Un
Page 535 and 536: Using Operators 511 # long time to
Page 537 and 538: Using Operators 513 Table 5-3 Logic
Page 539 and 540: Looping Statements 515 Command else
Page 541 and 542: Using Data Structures 517 Using Dat
Page 543 and 544: Creating Objects 519 To tell an obj
Page 545 and 546: Book VI Programming Language Syntax
Page 547 and 548: Chapter 1: C and C++ In This Chapte
Page 549 and 550: Declaring Variables 525 Despite min
Page 551 and 552: Declaring Variables 527 All integer
Page 553 and 554: Using Operators 529 Relational oper
Page 555 and 556: Branching Statements 531 Table 1-6
Page 557 and 558: Looping Statements 533 switch (expr
Page 559 and 560: Data Structures 535 If a function d
Page 561 and 562: Using Objects 537 Now you can decla
Page 563 and 564: Using Objects 539 To inherit from m
Page 565 and 566: Chapter 2: Java and C# In This Chap
Page 567 and 568: Declaring Variables 543 The double
Page 569 and 570: Using Operators 545 Declaring float
Page 571 and 572: Using Operators 547 The increment o
Page 573 and 574: Branching Statements 549 if (condit
Page 575 and 576: Looping Statements 551 Because no b
Page 577 and 578: Data Structures 553 If the function
Page 579 and 580: Data Structures 555 You can create
Page 581 and 582: Using Objects 557 So if you created
Page 583 and 584: Chapter 3: Perl and Python In This
Page 585: Using Operators 561 You can write b
Page 591 and 592: Looping Statements 567 In Python, t
Page 593 and 594: Perl Data Structures 569 A typical
Page 595 and 596: Python Data Structures 571 Creating
Page 597 and 598: Using Objects 573 After you define
Page 599 and 600: Chapter 4: Pascal and Delphi In Thi
Page 601 and 602: Declaring Variables 577 Creating Co
Page 603 and 604: Declaring Constants 579 Declaring d
Page 607 and 608: Looping Statements 583 Looping Stat
Page 609 and 610: Data Structures 585 FUNCTION Functi
Page 611 and 612: Creating Objects 587 clear a dynami
Page 613 and 614: Chapter 5: Visual Basic and REALbas
Page 615 and 616: The Structure of a BASIC Program 59
Page 617 and 618: Declaring Variables 593 Declaring i
Page 619 and 620: Declaring Constants 595 Declaring B
Page 623 and 624: Branching Statements 599 The preced
Page 625 and 626: Creating Subprograms and Functions
Page 627 and 628: Data Structures 603 Data Structures
Page 629 and 630: Creating Objects 605 Creating Objec
Page 631 and 632: Book VII Applications
Page 633 and 634: Chapter 1: Database Management In T
Page 635 and 636: The Basics of Databases 611 To retr
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The Basics of Databases 613 Althoug
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The Basics of Databases 615 Employe
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Manipulating Data 617 Tables divide
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Manipulating Data 619 The Join comm
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Manipulating Data 621 SET PhoneNumb
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Database Programming 623 Figure 1-1
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Chapter 2: Bioinformatics In This C
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The Basics of Bioinformatics 627 Un
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Searching Databases 629 ✦ Swiss-P
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Bioinformatics Programming 631 Alth
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Chapter 3: Computer Security In Thi
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Stopping Malware 635 Worms Similar
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Stopping Hackers 637 Stopping Hacke
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Secure Computing 639 Forensics If y
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Secure Computing 641 start. The ide
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Chapter 4: Artificial Intelligence
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Problem Solving 645 Game-playing Be
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Problem Solving 647 Expert System K
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Problem Solving 649 Humans can unde
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Problem Solving 651 Such speech rec
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Machine Learning 653 With LISP, eve
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Machine Learning 655 Robotics and a
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`Chapter 5: The Future of Computer
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Picking an Operating System 659 opt
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Cross-Platform Programming 661 Unfo
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Cross-Platform Programming 663 The
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Cross-Platform Programming 665 Anot
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The Programming Language of the Fut
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The Programming Language of the Fut
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Index Numerics 0 (zero) initializin
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Index 673 blocks of commands in cur
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Index 675 dictionaries versus, 352
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Index 677 database management conne
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Index 679 enumerated variables (C/C
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Index 681 hybrid OOP languages, 246
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Index 683 knowledge base, 646, 647
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Index 685 modeling, 44-45 Modula-2
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Index 687 advantages and disadvanta
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Index 689 looping statements, 600-6
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Index 691 extreme programming metho
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Index 693 source code as, 264 tab-d
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Index 695 as event-driven programmi
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BUSINESS, CAREERS & PERSONAL FINANC
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