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70 Artificial Intelligence Languages If you want to write programs that can run on different computers, use Java: ✦ Java forces you to know object-oriented programming right from the start (like C#), so knowing Java means you can figure out object-oriented programming at the same time. Because Java isn’t as confusing as C or C++, understanding Java first is likely much easier than understanding C or C++. ✦ If you’re using only a Windows computer, consider trying C#. The C# language is quickly becoming the standard language for writing Windows programs, so if that’s what you want to do, figuring out C# is your best bet. As long as you know at least one curly bracket language, you know one of the most popular programming languages in the world. Artificial Intelligence Languages Programming languages, such as C and BASIC, are often considered procedural or functional languages because they divide a large program into separate procedures or functions that tell the computer how to solve a problem step by step. Although telling the computer what to do step by step might seem like the most logical way to program a computer, another way to program a computer is by using a declarative language. Instead of describing how to solve a problem, declarative programming languages describe ✦ Facts: Information about the problem ✦ Rules: Relationships between this information By using facts and rules, programs written in declarative languages can literally figure out an answer on their own without being told explicitly how to do it. Ultimately, every program, including those written in declarative languages, must get translated into machine language. That means every program must eventually tell the computer how to solve a problem step by step. Declarative languages simply free you from having to describe these steps to the computer. The most popular declarative programming language is Prolog (short for Programming in Logic). A typical Prolog fact might look like this: father(“Sally”, “Jesse”).
Artificial Intelligence Languages 71 The preceding fact tells the computer that Jesse is the father of Sally. Now if you want to know who the father of Sally might be, you could ask the following: Book I Chapter 3 ?- father(“Sally”, X). Using the fact that earlier stated that the father of Sally was Jesse, the preceding Prolog command would simply return: X = “Jesse”. Types of Programming Languages At this point, Prolog simply uses a pre-defined fact to come up with an answer. Notice that even in this simple example, no instructions told the Prolog program how to use the fact that Jesse is the father of Sally. A list of facts by themselves can be made more useful by including rules that define relationships between facts. Consider the following Prolog program that defines two facts and one rule: father(“Jesse”, “Frank”). father(“Sally”, “Jesse”). grandFather(Person, GrandFather) :- father(Person, Father), father(Father, GrandFather). The two facts tell the computer that Frank is the father of Jesse, and Jesse is the father of Sally. The grandfather rule tells the computer that someone is a grandfather if they’re the father of someone’s father. Suppose you typed the following Prolog command: ?- grandFather(“Sally”, Y). The Prolog program tells the computer to use its known facts and rules to deduce an answer, which is: Y = “Frank”. In other words, Frank is the grandfather of Sally. (Frank is the father of Jesse, and Jesse is the father of Sally.) Just from this simple example, you can see how different a Prolog program works compared to a program written in BASIC or C. Instead of telling the computer how to solve a problem, declarative programming languages let you state the facts and the rules for manipulating those facts so the computer can figure out how to solve the problem.
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Beginning Programming ALL-IN-ONE DE
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Beginning Programming ALL-IN-ONE DE
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About the Author I started off as a
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Acknowledgments This is the part of
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Contents at a Glance Introduction .
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Table of Contents Introduction.....
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Table of Contents xi Finding an Int
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Table of Contents xiii Playing with
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Table of Contents xv Using Structur
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Table of Contents xvii Searching wi
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Table of Contents xix Book VI: Prog
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Table of Contents xxi Declaring Con
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Introduction If you enjoy using a c
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How to Use This Book 3 means they
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Book I Getting Started
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Chapter 1: Getting Started Programm
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How Computer Programming Works 9 De
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The History of Computer Programming
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Figuring Out Programming 17 As a ge
Page 43 and 44: Figuring Out Programming 19 ✦ Lin
Page 45 and 46: Figuring Out Programming 21 Convert
Page 47 and 48: Figuring Out Programming 23 certain
Page 49 and 50: Getting Started with Programming 25
Page 51 and 52: Knowing Programming versus Knowing
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Page 55 and 56: Spaghetti Programming without a Pla
Page 57 and 58: Planning Ahead with Structured Prog
Page 63 and 64: Making User Interfaces with Event-D
Page 65 and 66: Making User Interfaces with Event-D
Page 67 and 68: Organizing a Program with Object-Or
Page 73 and 74: Chapter 3: Types of Programming Lan
Page 75 and 76: Choosing Your First Language 51 ext
Page 77 and 78: Teaching Languages 53 Principles Be
Page 79 and 80: Teaching Languages 55 The Interacti
Page 81 and 82: Teaching Languages 57 near future.
Page 83 and 84: Teaching Languages 59 The main disa
Page 85 and 86: Teaching Languages 61 Book I Chapte
Page 87 and 88: “Curly Bracket” Languages 63
Page 89 and 90: “Curly Bracket” Languages 65 Th
Page 91 and 92: “Curly Bracket” Languages 67 C#
Page 93: “Curly Bracket” Languages 69 Vi
Page 97 and 98: Scripting Languages 73 2. From the
Page 99 and 100: Scripting Languages 75 In compariso
Page 101 and 102: Scripting Languages 77 Transferring
Page 103 and 104: Database Programming Languages 79 @
Page 105 and 106: Comparing Programming Languages 81
Page 107 and 108: Chapter 4: Programming Tools In Thi
Page 109 and 110: Choosing a Compiler 85 3. Choose a
Page 111 and 112: Choosing a Compiler 87 than other c
Page 113 and 114: Choosing a Compiler 89 With a cross
Page 115 and 116: Finding an Interpreter 91 In the ol
Page 117 and 118: Compiling to a Virtual Machine 93 C
Page 119 and 120: Writing a Program with an Editor 95
Page 121 and 122: Fixing a Program with a Debugger 97
Page 127 and 128: Creating a Help File 103 Obviously,
Page 129 and 130: Dissecting Programs with a Disassem
Page 131 and 132: Chapter 5: Managing Large Projects
Page 133 and 134: Software Engineering Methods 109 Fi
Page 135 and 136: Software Engineering Methods 111 de
Page 137 and 138: Software Engineering Methods 113 Ad
Page 139 and 140: Automating Software Engineering wit
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Automating Software Engineering wit
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The Pros and Cons of Software Engin
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Book II Programming Basics
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Chapter 1: How Programs Work In Thi
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Using Keywords as Building Blocks 1
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Organizing a Program 131 So if your
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Dividing a Program into Subprograms
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Dividing a Program into Objects 135
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Dividing a Program into Objects 137
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Creating a User Interface 139 The u
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Chapter 2: Variables, Data Types, a
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Declaring Variables 143 This BASIC
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Declaring Variables 145 You can alw
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Declaring Variables 147 Every progr
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Using Different Data Types 149 type
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Retrieving Data from a Variable 151
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Using Constant Values 153 Using Con
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Defining the Scope of a Variable 15
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Chapter 3: Manipulating Data In Thi
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Using Math to Manipulate Numbers 16
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Using Math to Manipulate Numbers 16
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Manipulating Strings 167 Most progr
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Finding Strings with Regular Expres
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Finding Strings with Regular Expres
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Using Comparison Operators 173 Comp
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Using Boolean Operators 175 Most pr
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Using Boolean Operators 177 So if t
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Converting Data Types 179 Both type
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Chapter 4: Making Decisions by Bran
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Picking One Choice with the IF-THEN
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Picking Three or More Choices with
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Picking Three or More Choices with
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Playing with Multiple Boolean Opera
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Making Multiple Choices with the SE
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Chapter 5: Repeating Commands by Lo
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Looping a Fixed Number of Times wit
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Looping Zero or More Times with the
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Playing with Nested Loops 209 This
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Checking Your Loops 211 Outer loop
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Chapter 6: Breaking a Large Program
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Creating and Using Subprograms 215
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Creating and Using Subprograms 217
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Passing Parameters 219 The #include
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Passing Parameters 221 Figure 6-5:
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Passing Parameters 223 When you pas
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Passing Parameters 225 DIM Temp AS
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Repeating a Subprogram with Recursi
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Repeating a Subprogram with Recursi
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Chapter 7: Breaking a Large Program
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How Object-Oriented Programming Wor
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Encapsulation Isolates Data and Sub
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Encapsulation Isolates Data and Sub
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Sharing Code with Inheritance 239 S
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Sharing Code with Inheritance 241 F
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Design Patterns 243 However, when y
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Design Patterns 245 The flyweight p
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Object-Oriented Languages 247 Becau
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Real-Life Programming Examples 249
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Chapter 8: Reading and Saving Files
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Storing Data in Text Files 261 A co
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Storing Data in Text Files 263 Read
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Storing Fixed Size Data in Random-A
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Storing Fixed Size Data in Random-A
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Storing Varying Size Data in Untype
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Using Database Files 271 Figure 8-5
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Using Database Files 273 Think of a
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Using Database Files 275 When using
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Chapter 9: Documenting Your Program
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Adding Comments to Source Code 279
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Writing Software Documentation 285
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Writing Software Documentation 287
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Chapter 10: Principles of User Inte
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The Evolution of User Interfaces 29
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Elements of a User Interface 293 GU
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Elements of a User Interface 295 Fi
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Elements of a User Interface 297 If
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Designing a User Interface 303 diff
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Designing a User Interface 305 A we
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Designing a User Interface 307 Figu
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Book III Data Structures
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Chapter 1: Structures and Arrays In
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Using Structures 313 If you wanted
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Using an Array 315 the array, which
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Using an Array 317 Perkins has empl
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Working with Resizable Arrays 319 D
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Working with Multi-Dimensional Arra
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Using Structures with Arrays 323 Th
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Drawbacks of Arrays 325 To store da
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Drawbacks of Arrays 327 Suppose you
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Chapter 2: Sets and Linked Lists In
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Using Sets 331 Adding (and deleting
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Using Sets 333 This command asks th
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Using Sets 335 Bill Evans John Doe
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Using Linked Lists 337 This tells t
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Using Linked Lists 339 Each time yo
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Drawbacks of Sets and Linked Lists
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Drawbacks of Sets and Linked Lists
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Chapter 3: Collections and Dictiona
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Using a Collection 347 Every elemen
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Using a Collection 349 When you del
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Using a Collection 351 Figure 3-6:
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Understanding Hash Tables 353 Every
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Understanding Hash Tables 355 VP Ke
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Understanding Hash Tables 357 ✦ D
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Understanding Hash Tables 359 In ge
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Chapter 4: Stacks, Queues, and Dequ
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Using a Stack 363 Like a collection
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Using Queues 365 Counting and searc
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Using Queues 367 Adding data to a q
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Using Queues 369 Figure 4-6: The Pe
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Using Deques 371 Initially, a deque
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Using Deques 373 Figure 4-11: The U
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Chapter 5: Graphs and Trees In This
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Understanding Graphs 377 457 miles
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Understanding Graphs 379 Figure 5-4
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Creating Trees 381 Figure 5-5: A tr
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Creating Trees 383 For example, an
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Taking Action on Trees 385 Traversi
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Taking Action on Trees 387 10 8 12
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Taking Action on Trees 389 10 8 12
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Book IV Algorithms
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Chapter 1: Sorting Algorithms In Th
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Using Bubble Sort 395 32 9 74 21 Or
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Using Insertion Sort 397 32 9 74 21
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Using Shell Sort 399 32 9 74 21 50
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Using Heap Sort 401 Heap sort dumps
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Using Merge Sort 403 94 46 74 21 32
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Using Quick Sort 405 Using Quick So
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Comparing Sorting Algorithms 407 If
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Chapter 2: Searching Algorithms In
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Sequential Search 411 Backward or f
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Sequential Search 413 Binary search
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Sequential Search 415 Fibonacci num
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Using Indexes 417 102 John Smith 55
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Adversarial Search 419 The more lev
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Adversarial Search 421 So if the co
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Chapter 3: String Searching In This
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Sequential Text Search 425 In this
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Sequential Text Search 427 The Shif
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Searching with Regular Expressions
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Searching Phonetically 431 Both sym
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Searching Phonetically 433 If you h
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Chapter 4: Data Compression Algorit
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Lossless Data Compression Algorithm
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Lossy Data Compression 443 Basicall
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Chapter 5: Encryption Algorithms In
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The Basics of Encryption 447 in a m
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The Basics of Encryption 449 Stream
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The Basics of Encryption 451 Electr
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Symmetric/Asymmetric Encryption Alg
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Cracking Encryption 455 Sender’s
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Cracking Encryption 457 Instead of
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Cracking Encryption 459 Code cracki
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Book V Web Programming
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Chapter 1: HyperText Markup Languag
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The Structure of an HTML Document 4
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The Structure of an HTML Document 4
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Defining the Background 469 Adding
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Making Tables 471 The anchor point
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Making Tables 473 Book V Chapter 1
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Making Tables 475 Column 1 Column
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Chapter 2: CSS In This Chapter Und
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Creating Style Classes 479 color :
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Separating Styles in Files 481 Sepa
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Cascading Stylesheets 483 If you ha
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Chapter 3: JavaScript In This Chapt
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Declaring Variables 487 need to def
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Using Operators 489 The relational
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Branching Statements 491 To make th
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Using Arrays 493 A variation of the
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Designing User Interfaces 495 A con
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Chapter 4: PHP In This Chapter Und
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Declaring Variables 499 Declaring V
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Using Operators 501 Table 4-3 Logic
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Branching Statements 503 Command; }
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Creating Functions 505 If you don
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Creating Objects 507 Creating Objec
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Chapter 5: Ruby In This Chapter Un
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Using Operators 511 # long time to
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Using Operators 513 Table 5-3 Logic
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Looping Statements 515 Command else
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Using Data Structures 517 Using Dat
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Creating Objects 519 To tell an obj
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Book VI Programming Language Syntax
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Chapter 1: C and C++ In This Chapte
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Declaring Variables 525 Despite min
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Declaring Variables 527 All integer
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Using Operators 529 Relational oper
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Branching Statements 531 Table 1-6
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Looping Statements 533 switch (expr
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Data Structures 535 If a function d
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Using Objects 537 Now you can decla
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Using Objects 539 To inherit from m
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Chapter 2: Java and C# In This Chap
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Declaring Variables 543 The double
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Using Operators 545 Declaring float
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Using Operators 547 The increment o
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Branching Statements 549 if (condit
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Looping Statements 551 Because no b
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Data Structures 553 If the function
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Data Structures 555 You can create
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Using Objects 557 So if you created
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Chapter 3: Perl and Python In This
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Using Operators 561 You can write b
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Using Operators 563 The relational
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Looping Statements 567 In Python, t
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Perl Data Structures 569 A typical
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Python Data Structures 571 Creating
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Using Objects 573 After you define
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Chapter 4: Pascal and Delphi In Thi
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Declaring Variables 577 Creating Co
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Declaring Constants 579 Declaring d
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Looping Statements 583 Looping Stat
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Data Structures 585 FUNCTION Functi
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Creating Objects 587 clear a dynami
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Chapter 5: Visual Basic and REALbas
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The Structure of a BASIC Program 59
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Declaring Variables 593 Declaring i
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Declaring Constants 595 Declaring B
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Branching Statements 599 The preced
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Creating Subprograms and Functions
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Data Structures 603 Data Structures
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Creating Objects 605 Creating Objec
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Book VII Applications
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Chapter 1: Database Management In T
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The Basics of Databases 611 To retr
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The Basics of Databases 613 Althoug
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The Basics of Databases 615 Employe
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Manipulating Data 617 Tables divide
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Manipulating Data 619 The Join comm
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Manipulating Data 621 SET PhoneNumb
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Database Programming 623 Figure 1-1
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Chapter 2: Bioinformatics In This C
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The Basics of Bioinformatics 627 Un
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Searching Databases 629 ✦ Swiss-P
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Bioinformatics Programming 631 Alth
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Chapter 3: Computer Security In Thi
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Stopping Malware 635 Worms Similar
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Stopping Hackers 637 Stopping Hacke
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Secure Computing 639 Forensics If y
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Secure Computing 641 start. The ide
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Chapter 4: Artificial Intelligence
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Problem Solving 645 Game-playing Be
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Problem Solving 647 Expert System K
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Problem Solving 649 Humans can unde
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Problem Solving 651 Such speech rec
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Machine Learning 653 With LISP, eve
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Machine Learning 655 Robotics and a
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`Chapter 5: The Future of Computer
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Picking an Operating System 659 opt
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Cross-Platform Programming 661 Unfo
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Cross-Platform Programming 663 The
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Cross-Platform Programming 665 Anot
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The Programming Language of the Fut
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The Programming Language of the Fut
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Index Numerics 0 (zero) initializin
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Index 673 blocks of commands in cur
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Index 675 dictionaries versus, 352
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Index 677 database management conne
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Index 679 enumerated variables (C/C
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Index 681 hybrid OOP languages, 246
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Index 683 knowledge base, 646, 647
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Index 685 modeling, 44-45 Modula-2
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Index 687 advantages and disadvanta
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Index 689 looping statements, 600-6
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Index 691 extreme programming metho
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Index 693 source code as, 264 tab-d
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Index 695 as event-driven programmi
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