programming-for-dummies

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Contents at a Glance Chapter 1: Structures and Arrays ......................................................................................311 Chapter 2: Sets and Linked Lists ........................................................................................329 Chapter 3: Collections and Dictionaries............................................................................345 Chapter 4: Stacks, Queues, and Deques ............................................................................361 Chapter 5: Graphs and Trees ............................................................................................375
Chapter 1: Structures and Arrays In This Chapter Using structures to store and retrieve data Creating arrays Using resizable arrays Running multi-dimensional arrays Combining structures with arrays Detailing the drawbacks of arrays All programs need to store data. If a program asks the user to type in her name, the program needs to store that name somewhere so it can find the name again. The most common way programs store data is to dump data in a variable. Un<strong>for</strong>tunately, a variable can only hold one chunk of data at a time, such as a single number or a name. If you want to store a person’s first and last name along with their age, you have to create three separate variables, such as Dim FirstName as String Dim LastName as String Dim Age as Integer Creating separate variables to store related data can be like carrying around three separate wallets with one wallet holding your cash, a second wallet holding your credit cards, and a third wallet holding your driver’s license. Just as it’s more convenient to store your cash, credit cards, and driver’s license in a single wallet, so it’s also more convenient to store related data in a single variable. Two ways to store related data in one place are structures and arrays. Because structures and arrays are two other ways to store data, they’re often called data structures. Using Structures A structure (also dubbed a record in some <strong>programming</strong> languages) does nothing more than group separate variables together. So rather than create and try to keep track of three separate variables, a structure lets you store
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Beginning Programming ALL-IN-ONE DE
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Beginning Programming ALL-IN-ONE DE
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About the Author I started off as a
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Acknowledgments This is the part of
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Contents at a Glance Introduction .
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Table of Contents Introduction.....
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Table of Contents xi Finding an Int
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Table of Contents xiii Playing with
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Table of Contents xv Using Structur
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Table of Contents xvii Searching wi
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Table of Contents xix Book VI: Prog
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Table of Contents xxi Declaring Con
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Introduction If you enjoy using a c
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How to Use This Book 3 means they
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Book I Getting Started
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Chapter 1: Getting Started Programm
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How Computer Programming Works 9 De
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The History of Computer Programming
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Figuring Out Programming 17 As a ge
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Figuring Out Programming 19 ✦ Lin
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Figuring Out Programming 21 Convert
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Figuring Out Programming 23 certain
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Getting Started with Programming 25
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Knowing Programming versus Knowing
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Chapter 2: Different Methods for Wr
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Spaghetti Programming without a Pla
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Planning Ahead with Structured Prog
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Making User Interfaces with Event-D
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Making User Interfaces with Event-D
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Organizing a Program with Object-Or
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Chapter 3: Types of Programming Lan
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Choosing Your First Language 51 ext
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Teaching Languages 53 Principles Be
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Teaching Languages 55 The Interacti
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Teaching Languages 57 near future.
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Teaching Languages 59 The main disa
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Teaching Languages 61 Book I Chapte
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“Curly Bracket” Languages 63
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“Curly Bracket” Languages 65 Th
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“Curly Bracket” Languages 67 C#
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“Curly Bracket” Languages 69 Vi
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Artificial Intelligence Languages 7
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Scripting Languages 73 2. From the
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Scripting Languages 75 In compariso
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Scripting Languages 77 Transferring
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Database Programming Languages 79 @
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Comparing Programming Languages 81
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Chapter 4: Programming Tools In Thi
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Choosing a Compiler 85 3. Choose a
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Choosing a Compiler 87 than other c
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Choosing a Compiler 89 With a cross
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Finding an Interpreter 91 In the ol
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Compiling to a Virtual Machine 93 C
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Writing a Program with an Editor 95
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Fixing a Program with a Debugger 97
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Creating a Help File 103 Obviously,
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Dissecting Programs with a Disassem
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Chapter 5: Managing Large Projects
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Software Engineering Methods 109 Fi
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Software Engineering Methods 111 de
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Software Engineering Methods 113 Ad
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Automating Software Engineering wit
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The Pros and Cons of Software Engin
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Book II Programming Basics
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Chapter 1: How Programs Work In Thi
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Using Keywords as Building Blocks 1
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Organizing a Program 131 So if your
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Dividing a Program into Subprograms
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Dividing a Program into Objects 135
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Dividing a Program into Objects 137
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Creating a User Interface 139 The u
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Chapter 2: Variables, Data Types, a
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Declaring Variables 143 This BASIC
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Declaring Variables 145 You can alw
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Declaring Variables 147 Every progr
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Using Different Data Types 149 type
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Retrieving Data from a Variable 151
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Using Constant Values 153 Using Con
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Defining the Scope of a Variable 15
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Chapter 3: Manipulating Data In Thi
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Using Math to Manipulate Numbers 16
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Using Math to Manipulate Numbers 16
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Manipulating Strings 167 Most progr
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Finding Strings with Regular Expres
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Finding Strings with Regular Expres
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Using Comparison Operators 173 Comp
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Using Boolean Operators 175 Most pr
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Using Boolean Operators 177 So if t
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Converting Data Types 179 Both type
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Chapter 4: Making Decisions by Bran
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Picking One Choice with the IF-THEN
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Picking Three or More Choices with
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Picking Three or More Choices with
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Playing with Multiple Boolean Opera
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Making Multiple Choices with the SE
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Chapter 5: Repeating Commands by Lo
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Looping a Fixed Number of Times wit
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Looping Zero or More Times with the
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Playing with Nested Loops 209 This
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Checking Your Loops 211 Outer loop
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Chapter 6: Breaking a Large Program
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Creating and Using Subprograms 215
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Creating and Using Subprograms 217
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Passing Parameters 219 The #include
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Passing Parameters 221 Figure 6-5:
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Passing Parameters 223 When you pas
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Passing Parameters 225 DIM Temp AS
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Repeating a Subprogram with Recursi
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Repeating a Subprogram with Recursi
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Chapter 7: Breaking a Large Program
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How Object-Oriented Programming Wor
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Encapsulation Isolates Data and Sub
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Encapsulation Isolates Data and Sub
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Sharing Code with Inheritance 239 S
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Sharing Code with Inheritance 241 F
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Design Patterns 243 However, when y
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Design Patterns 245 The flyweight p
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Object-Oriented Languages 247 Becau
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Real-Life Programming Examples 249
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Page 283 and 284: Chapter 8: Reading and Saving Files
Page 285 and 286: Storing Data in Text Files 261 A co
Page 287 and 288: Storing Data in Text Files 263 Read
Page 289 and 290: Storing Fixed Size Data in Random-A
Page 291 and 292: Storing Fixed Size Data in Random-A
Page 293 and 294: Storing Varying Size Data in Untype
Page 295 and 296: Using Database Files 271 Figure 8-5
Page 297 and 298: Using Database Files 273 Think of a
Page 299 and 300: Using Database Files 275 When using
Page 301 and 302: Chapter 9: Documenting Your Program
Page 303 and 304: Adding Comments to Source Code 279
Page 309 and 310: Writing Software Documentation 285
Page 311 and 312: Writing Software Documentation 287
Page 313 and 314: Chapter 10: Principles of User Inte
Page 315 and 316: The Evolution of User Interfaces 29
Page 317 and 318: Elements of a User Interface 293 GU
Page 319 and 320: Elements of a User Interface 295 Fi
Page 321 and 322: Elements of a User Interface 297 If
Page 327 and 328: Designing a User Interface 303 diff
Page 329 and 330: Designing a User Interface 305 A we
Page 331 and 332: Designing a User Interface 307 Figu
Page 333: Book III Data Structures
Page 337 and 338: Using Structures 313 If you wanted
Page 339 and 340: Using an Array 315 the array, which
Page 341 and 342: Using an Array 317 Perkins has empl
Page 343 and 344: Working with Resizable Arrays 319 D
Page 345 and 346: Working with Multi-Dimensional Arra
Page 347 and 348: Using Structures with Arrays 323 Th
Page 349 and 350: Drawbacks of Arrays 325 To store da
Page 351 and 352: Drawbacks of Arrays 327 Suppose you
Page 353 and 354: Chapter 2: Sets and Linked Lists In
Page 355 and 356: Using Sets 331 Adding (and deleting
Page 357 and 358: Using Sets 333 This command asks th
Page 359 and 360: Using Sets 335 Bill Evans John Doe
Page 361 and 362: Using Linked Lists 337 This tells t
Page 363 and 364: Using Linked Lists 339 Each time yo
Page 365 and 366: Drawbacks of Sets and Linked Lists
Page 367 and 368: Drawbacks of Sets and Linked Lists
Page 369 and 370: Chapter 3: Collections and Dictiona
Page 371 and 372: Using a Collection 347 Every elemen
Page 373 and 374: Using a Collection 349 When you del
Page 375 and 376: Using a Collection 351 Figure 3-6:
Page 377 and 378: Understanding Hash Tables 353 Every
Page 379 and 380: Understanding Hash Tables 355 VP Ke
Page 381 and 382: Understanding Hash Tables 357 ✦ D
Page 383 and 384: Understanding Hash Tables 359 In ge
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Chapter 4: Stacks, Queues, and Dequ
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Using a Stack 363 Like a collection
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Using Queues 365 Counting and searc
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Using Queues 367 Adding data to a q
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Using Queues 369 Figure 4-6: The Pe
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Using Deques 371 Initially, a deque
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Using Deques 373 Figure 4-11: The U
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Chapter 5: Graphs and Trees In This
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Understanding Graphs 377 457 miles
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Understanding Graphs 379 Figure 5-4
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Creating Trees 381 Figure 5-5: A tr
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Creating Trees 383 For example, an
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Taking Action on Trees 385 Traversi
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Taking Action on Trees 387 10 8 12
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Taking Action on Trees 389 10 8 12
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Book IV Algorithms
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Chapter 1: Sorting Algorithms In Th
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Using Bubble Sort 395 32 9 74 21 Or
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Using Insertion Sort 397 32 9 74 21
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Using Shell Sort 399 32 9 74 21 50
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Using Heap Sort 401 Heap sort dumps
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Using Merge Sort 403 94 46 74 21 32
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Using Quick Sort 405 Using Quick So
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Comparing Sorting Algorithms 407 If
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Chapter 2: Searching Algorithms In
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Sequential Search 411 Backward or f
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Sequential Search 413 Binary search
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Sequential Search 415 Fibonacci num
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Using Indexes 417 102 John Smith 55
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Adversarial Search 419 The more lev
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Adversarial Search 421 So if the co
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Chapter 3: String Searching In This
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Sequential Text Search 425 In this
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Sequential Text Search 427 The Shif
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Searching with Regular Expressions
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Searching Phonetically 431 Both sym
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Searching Phonetically 433 If you h
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Chapter 4: Data Compression Algorit
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Lossless Data Compression Algorithm
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Lossy Data Compression 443 Basicall
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Chapter 5: Encryption Algorithms In
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The Basics of Encryption 447 in a m
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The Basics of Encryption 449 Stream
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The Basics of Encryption 451 Electr
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Symmetric/Asymmetric Encryption Alg
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Cracking Encryption 455 Sender’s
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Cracking Encryption 457 Instead of
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Cracking Encryption 459 Code cracki
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Book V Web Programming
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Chapter 1: HyperText Markup Languag
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The Structure of an HTML Document 4
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The Structure of an HTML Document 4
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Defining the Background 469 Adding
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Making Tables 471 The anchor point
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Making Tables 473 Book V Chapter 1
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Making Tables 475 Column 1 Column
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Chapter 2: CSS In This Chapter Und
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Creating Style Classes 479 color :
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Separating Styles in Files 481 Sepa
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Cascading Stylesheets 483 If you ha
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Chapter 3: JavaScript In This Chapt
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Declaring Variables 487 need to def
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Using Operators 489 The relational
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Branching Statements 491 To make th
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Using Arrays 493 A variation of the
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Designing User Interfaces 495 A con
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Chapter 4: PHP In This Chapter Und
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Declaring Variables 499 Declaring V
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Using Operators 501 Table 4-3 Logic
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Branching Statements 503 Command; }
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Creating Functions 505 If you don
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Creating Objects 507 Creating Objec
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Chapter 5: Ruby In This Chapter Un
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Using Operators 511 # long time to
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Using Operators 513 Table 5-3 Logic
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Looping Statements 515 Command else
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Using Data Structures 517 Using Dat
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Creating Objects 519 To tell an obj
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Book VI Programming Language Syntax
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Chapter 1: C and C++ In This Chapte
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Declaring Variables 525 Despite min
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Declaring Variables 527 All integer
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Using Operators 529 Relational oper
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Branching Statements 531 Table 1-6
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Looping Statements 533 switch (expr
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Data Structures 535 If a function d
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Using Objects 537 Now you can decla
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Using Objects 539 To inherit from m
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Chapter 2: Java and C# In This Chap
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Declaring Variables 543 The double
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Using Operators 545 Declaring float
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Using Operators 547 The increment o
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Branching Statements 549 if (condit
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Looping Statements 551 Because no b
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Data Structures 553 If the function
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Data Structures 555 You can create
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Using Objects 557 So if you created
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Chapter 3: Perl and Python In This
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Using Operators 561 You can write b
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Using Operators 563 The relational
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Looping Statements 567 In Python, t
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Perl Data Structures 569 A typical
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Python Data Structures 571 Creating
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Using Objects 573 After you define
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Chapter 4: Pascal and Delphi In Thi
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Declaring Variables 577 Creating Co
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Declaring Constants 579 Declaring d
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Looping Statements 583 Looping Stat
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Data Structures 585 FUNCTION Functi
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Creating Objects 587 clear a dynami
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Chapter 5: Visual Basic and REALbas
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The Structure of a BASIC Program 59
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Declaring Variables 593 Declaring i
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Declaring Constants 595 Declaring B
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Branching Statements 599 The preced
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Creating Subprograms and Functions
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Data Structures 603 Data Structures
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Creating Objects 605 Creating Objec
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Book VII Applications
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Chapter 1: Database Management In T
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The Basics of Databases 611 To retr
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The Basics of Databases 613 Althoug
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The Basics of Databases 615 Employe
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Manipulating Data 617 Tables divide
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Manipulating Data 619 The Join comm
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Manipulating Data 621 SET PhoneNumb
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Database Programming 623 Figure 1-1
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Chapter 2: Bioinformatics In This C
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The Basics of Bioinformatics 627 Un
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Searching Databases 629 ✦ Swiss-P
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Bioinformatics Programming 631 Alth
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Chapter 3: Computer Security In Thi
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Stopping Malware 635 Worms Similar
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Stopping Hackers 637 Stopping Hacke
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Secure Computing 639 Forensics If y
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Secure Computing 641 start. The ide
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Chapter 4: Artificial Intelligence
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Problem Solving 645 Game-playing Be
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Problem Solving 647 Expert System K
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Problem Solving 649 Humans can unde
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Problem Solving 651 Such speech rec
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Machine Learning 653 With LISP, eve
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Machine Learning 655 Robotics and a
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`Chapter 5: The Future of Computer
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Picking an Operating System 659 opt
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Cross-Platform Programming 661 Unfo
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Cross-Platform Programming 663 The
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Cross-Platform Programming 665 Anot
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The Programming Language of the Fut
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The Programming Language of the Fut
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Index Numerics 0 (zero) initializin
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Index 673 blocks of commands in cur
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Index 675 dictionaries versus, 352
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Index 677 database management conne
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Index 679 enumerated variables (C/C
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Index 681 hybrid OOP languages, 246
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Index 683 knowledge base, 646, 647
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Index 685 modeling, 44-45 Modula-2
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Index 687 advantages and disadvanta
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Index 689 looping statements, 600-6
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Index 691 extreme programming metho
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Index 693 source code as, 264 tab-d
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Index 695 as event-driven programmi
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