programming-for-dummies

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438 Lossless Data Compression Algorithms Add #1 Sort #1 Add #2 Sort #2 W W W # B B B B B B W W W # WB WB WB #W BW BW B# BW BW B# WB WB WB #W Add #3 Sort #3 Add #4 Sort #4 WBW WBW WB# #WB BWB BWB B#W BWB BWB B#W WBW WBW WB# #WB WBWB WBWB WB#W #WBW BWBW BWB# B#WB BWBW BWB# B#WB WBWB WBWB WB#W #WBW Add #5 Sort #5 Add #6 Sort #6 WBWBW WBWB# WB#WB #WBWB BWBWB BWB#W B#WBW BWBWB BWB#W B#WBW WBWBW WBWB# WB#WB #WBWB WBWBWB WBWB#W WB#WBW #WBWBW BWBWB# BWB#WB B#WBWB BWBWB# BWB#WB B#WBWB WBWBWB WBWB#W WB#WBW #WBWBW Figure 4-1: Reconstructing the original data from the BWT trans<strong>for</strong>mation. Add #7 WBWBWB# WBWB#WB WB#WBWB #WBWBWB BWBWB#W BWB#WBW B#WBWBW Sort #7 BWBWB#W BWB#WBW B#WBWBW WBWBWB# WBWB#WB WB#WBWB #WBWBWB Find the line with the end of the data character at the end BWBWB#W BWB#WBW B#WBWBW WBWBWB# WBWB#WB WB#WBWB #WBWBWB Original, uncompressed data retrieved WBWBWB#
Lossless Data Compression Algorithms 439 Dictionary encoding Run-length encoding is a simple algorithm that works well with redundant characters grouped together but doesn’t work as well with redundant data scattered throughout. An alternative to RLE is dictionary coding. The basic idea behind dictionary coding is to replace large data chunks with much smaller data chunks. Suppose you had the following text: See Dick. See Jane. You could replace the redundant text See by a simple code, such as 1, and create a new string: 1 Dick. 1 Jane. Now you could replace Dick with 1 code and Jane with another code, such as 2 and 3 respectively, to create a compressed version, like this: 1 2. 1 3. Uncompressing this data means replacing the codes with the actual data, using a dictionary. Each code refers to the actual data, so looking up 1 retrieves the See string, 2 retrieves Dick, and 3 retrieves Jane, as shown in Figure 4-2. Figure 4-2: Uncompressing data requires using a dictionary to replace codes with actual data. 1 See 2 Dick 3 Jane 1 2 1 3 Book IV Chapter 4 If you know the data you want to compress ahead of time, such as condensing the entire contents of an encyclopedia on a DVD, you can optimize the dictionary to create the smallest codes, which represent the most common data chunks, such as the word the. In most cases, you don’t know the data to compress ahead of time, so you need an algorithm that can analyze data, create a dictionary on the fly, and then compress data using that dictionary. Three popular dictionary encoding algorithms include LZ77, LZ78, and LZW. Data Compression Algorithms
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Beginning Programming ALL-IN-ONE DE
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Beginning Programming ALL-IN-ONE DE
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About the Author I started off as a
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Acknowledgments This is the part of
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Contents at a Glance Introduction .
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Table of Contents Introduction.....
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Table of Contents xi Finding an Int
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Table of Contents xiii Playing with
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Table of Contents xv Using Structur
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Table of Contents xvii Searching wi
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Table of Contents xix Book VI: Prog
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Table of Contents xxi Declaring Con
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Introduction If you enjoy using a c
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How to Use This Book 3 means they
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Book I Getting Started
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Chapter 1: Getting Started Programm
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How Computer Programming Works 9 De
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The History of Computer Programming
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Figuring Out Programming 17 As a ge
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Figuring Out Programming 19 ✦ Lin
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Figuring Out Programming 21 Convert
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Figuring Out Programming 23 certain
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Getting Started with Programming 25
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Knowing Programming versus Knowing
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Chapter 2: Different Methods for Wr
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Spaghetti Programming without a Pla
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Planning Ahead with Structured Prog
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Making User Interfaces with Event-D
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Making User Interfaces with Event-D
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Organizing a Program with Object-Or
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Chapter 3: Types of Programming Lan
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Choosing Your First Language 51 ext
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Teaching Languages 53 Principles Be
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Teaching Languages 55 The Interacti
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Teaching Languages 57 near future.
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Teaching Languages 59 The main disa
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Teaching Languages 61 Book I Chapte
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“Curly Bracket” Languages 63
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“Curly Bracket” Languages 65 Th
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“Curly Bracket” Languages 67 C#
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“Curly Bracket” Languages 69 Vi
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Artificial Intelligence Languages 7
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Scripting Languages 73 2. From the
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Scripting Languages 75 In compariso
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Scripting Languages 77 Transferring
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Database Programming Languages 79 @
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Comparing Programming Languages 81
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Chapter 4: Programming Tools In Thi
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Choosing a Compiler 85 3. Choose a
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Choosing a Compiler 87 than other c
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Choosing a Compiler 89 With a cross
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Finding an Interpreter 91 In the ol
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Compiling to a Virtual Machine 93 C
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Writing a Program with an Editor 95
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Fixing a Program with a Debugger 97
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Creating a Help File 103 Obviously,
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Dissecting Programs with a Disassem
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Chapter 5: Managing Large Projects
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Software Engineering Methods 109 Fi
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Software Engineering Methods 111 de
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Software Engineering Methods 113 Ad
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Automating Software Engineering wit
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The Pros and Cons of Software Engin
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Book II Programming Basics
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Chapter 1: How Programs Work In Thi
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Using Keywords as Building Blocks 1
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Organizing a Program 131 So if your
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Dividing a Program into Subprograms
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Dividing a Program into Objects 135
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Dividing a Program into Objects 137
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Creating a User Interface 139 The u
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Chapter 2: Variables, Data Types, a
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Declaring Variables 143 This BASIC
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Declaring Variables 145 You can alw
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Declaring Variables 147 Every progr
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Using Different Data Types 149 type
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Retrieving Data from a Variable 151
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Using Constant Values 153 Using Con
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Defining the Scope of a Variable 15
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Chapter 3: Manipulating Data In Thi
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Using Math to Manipulate Numbers 16
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Using Math to Manipulate Numbers 16
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Manipulating Strings 167 Most progr
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Finding Strings with Regular Expres
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Finding Strings with Regular Expres
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Using Comparison Operators 173 Comp
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Using Boolean Operators 175 Most pr
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Using Boolean Operators 177 So if t
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Converting Data Types 179 Both type
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Chapter 4: Making Decisions by Bran
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Picking One Choice with the IF-THEN
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Picking Three or More Choices with
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Picking Three or More Choices with
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Playing with Multiple Boolean Opera
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Making Multiple Choices with the SE
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Chapter 5: Repeating Commands by Lo
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Looping a Fixed Number of Times wit
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Looping Zero or More Times with the
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Playing with Nested Loops 209 This
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Checking Your Loops 211 Outer loop
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Chapter 6: Breaking a Large Program
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Creating and Using Subprograms 215
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Creating and Using Subprograms 217
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Passing Parameters 219 The #include
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Passing Parameters 221 Figure 6-5:
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Passing Parameters 223 When you pas
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Passing Parameters 225 DIM Temp AS
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Repeating a Subprogram with Recursi
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Repeating a Subprogram with Recursi
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Chapter 7: Breaking a Large Program
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How Object-Oriented Programming Wor
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Encapsulation Isolates Data and Sub
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Encapsulation Isolates Data and Sub
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Sharing Code with Inheritance 239 S
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Sharing Code with Inheritance 241 F
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Design Patterns 243 However, when y
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Design Patterns 245 The flyweight p
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Object-Oriented Languages 247 Becau
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Real-Life Programming Examples 249
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Chapter 8: Reading and Saving Files
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Storing Data in Text Files 261 A co
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Storing Data in Text Files 263 Read
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Storing Fixed Size Data in Random-A
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Storing Fixed Size Data in Random-A
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Storing Varying Size Data in Untype
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Using Database Files 271 Figure 8-5
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Using Database Files 273 Think of a
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Using Database Files 275 When using
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Chapter 9: Documenting Your Program
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Adding Comments to Source Code 279
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Writing Software Documentation 285
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Writing Software Documentation 287
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Chapter 10: Principles of User Inte
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The Evolution of User Interfaces 29
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Elements of a User Interface 293 GU
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Elements of a User Interface 295 Fi
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Elements of a User Interface 297 If
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Designing a User Interface 303 diff
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Designing a User Interface 305 A we
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Designing a User Interface 307 Figu
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Book III Data Structures
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Chapter 1: Structures and Arrays In
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Using Structures 313 If you wanted
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Using an Array 315 the array, which
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Using an Array 317 Perkins has empl
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Working with Resizable Arrays 319 D
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Working with Multi-Dimensional Arra
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Using Structures with Arrays 323 Th
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Drawbacks of Arrays 325 To store da
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Drawbacks of Arrays 327 Suppose you
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Chapter 2: Sets and Linked Lists In
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Using Sets 331 Adding (and deleting
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Using Sets 333 This command asks th
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Using Sets 335 Bill Evans John Doe
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Using Linked Lists 337 This tells t
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Using Linked Lists 339 Each time yo
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Drawbacks of Sets and Linked Lists
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Drawbacks of Sets and Linked Lists
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Chapter 3: Collections and Dictiona
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Using a Collection 347 Every elemen
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Using a Collection 349 When you del
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Using a Collection 351 Figure 3-6:
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Understanding Hash Tables 353 Every
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Understanding Hash Tables 355 VP Ke
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Understanding Hash Tables 357 ✦ D
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Understanding Hash Tables 359 In ge
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Chapter 4: Stacks, Queues, and Dequ
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Using a Stack 363 Like a collection
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Using Queues 365 Counting and searc
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Using Queues 367 Adding data to a q
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Using Queues 369 Figure 4-6: The Pe
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Using Deques 371 Initially, a deque
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Using Deques 373 Figure 4-11: The U
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Chapter 5: Graphs and Trees In This
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Understanding Graphs 377 457 miles
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Understanding Graphs 379 Figure 5-4
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Creating Trees 381 Figure 5-5: A tr
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Creating Trees 383 For example, an
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Taking Action on Trees 385 Traversi
Page 411 and 412: Taking Action on Trees 387 10 8 12
Page 413 and 414: Taking Action on Trees 389 10 8 12
Page 415 and 416: Book IV Algorithms
Page 417 and 418: Chapter 1: Sorting Algorithms In Th
Page 419 and 420: Using Bubble Sort 395 32 9 74 21 Or
Page 421 and 422: Using Insertion Sort 397 32 9 74 21
Page 423 and 424: Using Shell Sort 399 32 9 74 21 50
Page 425 and 426: Using Heap Sort 401 Heap sort dumps
Page 427 and 428: Using Merge Sort 403 94 46 74 21 32
Page 429 and 430: Using Quick Sort 405 Using Quick So
Page 431 and 432: Comparing Sorting Algorithms 407 If
Page 433 and 434: Chapter 2: Searching Algorithms In
Page 435 and 436: Sequential Search 411 Backward or f
Page 437 and 438: Sequential Search 413 Binary search
Page 439 and 440: Sequential Search 415 Fibonacci num
Page 441 and 442: Using Indexes 417 102 John Smith 55
Page 443 and 444: Adversarial Search 419 The more lev
Page 445 and 446: Adversarial Search 421 So if the co
Page 447 and 448: Chapter 3: String Searching In This
Page 449 and 450: Sequential Text Search 425 In this
Page 451 and 452: Sequential Text Search 427 The Shif
Page 453 and 454: Searching with Regular Expressions
Page 455 and 456: Searching Phonetically 431 Both sym
Page 457 and 458: Searching Phonetically 433 If you h
Page 459 and 460: Chapter 4: Data Compression Algorit
Page 461: Lossless Data Compression Algorithm
Page 465 and 466: Lossless Data Compression Algorithm
Page 467 and 468: Lossy Data Compression 443 Basicall
Page 469 and 470: Chapter 5: Encryption Algorithms In
Page 471 and 472: The Basics of Encryption 447 in a m
Page 473 and 474: The Basics of Encryption 449 Stream
Page 475 and 476: The Basics of Encryption 451 Electr
Page 477 and 478: Symmetric/Asymmetric Encryption Alg
Page 479 and 480: Cracking Encryption 455 Sender’s
Page 481 and 482: Cracking Encryption 457 Instead of
Page 483 and 484: Cracking Encryption 459 Code cracki
Page 485 and 486: Book V Web Programming
Page 487 and 488: Chapter 1: HyperText Markup Languag
Page 489 and 490: The Structure of an HTML Document 4
Page 491 and 492: The Structure of an HTML Document 4
Page 493 and 494: Defining the Background 469 Adding
Page 495 and 496: Making Tables 471 The anchor point
Page 497 and 498: Making Tables 473 Book V Chapter 1
Page 499 and 500: Making Tables 475 Column 1 Column
Page 501 and 502: Chapter 2: CSS In This Chapter Und
Page 503 and 504: Creating Style Classes 479 color :
Page 505 and 506: Separating Styles in Files 481 Sepa
Page 507 and 508: Cascading Stylesheets 483 If you ha
Page 509 and 510: Chapter 3: JavaScript In This Chapt
Page 511 and 512: Declaring Variables 487 need to def
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Using Operators 489 The relational
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Branching Statements 491 To make th
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Using Arrays 493 A variation of the
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Designing User Interfaces 495 A con
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Chapter 4: PHP In This Chapter Und
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Declaring Variables 499 Declaring V
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Using Operators 501 Table 4-3 Logic
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Branching Statements 503 Command; }
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Creating Functions 505 If you don
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Creating Objects 507 Creating Objec
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Chapter 5: Ruby In This Chapter Un
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Using Operators 511 # long time to
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Using Operators 513 Table 5-3 Logic
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Looping Statements 515 Command else
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Using Data Structures 517 Using Dat
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Creating Objects 519 To tell an obj
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Book VI Programming Language Syntax
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Chapter 1: C and C++ In This Chapte
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Declaring Variables 525 Despite min
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Declaring Variables 527 All integer
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Using Operators 529 Relational oper
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Branching Statements 531 Table 1-6
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Looping Statements 533 switch (expr
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Data Structures 535 If a function d
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Using Objects 537 Now you can decla
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Using Objects 539 To inherit from m
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Chapter 2: Java and C# In This Chap
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Declaring Variables 543 The double
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Using Operators 545 Declaring float
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Using Operators 547 The increment o
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Branching Statements 549 if (condit
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Looping Statements 551 Because no b
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Data Structures 553 If the function
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Data Structures 555 You can create
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Using Objects 557 So if you created
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Chapter 3: Perl and Python In This
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Using Operators 561 You can write b
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Using Operators 563 The relational
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Looping Statements 567 In Python, t
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Perl Data Structures 569 A typical
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Python Data Structures 571 Creating
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Using Objects 573 After you define
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Chapter 4: Pascal and Delphi In Thi
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Declaring Variables 577 Creating Co
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Declaring Constants 579 Declaring d
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Looping Statements 583 Looping Stat
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Data Structures 585 FUNCTION Functi
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Creating Objects 587 clear a dynami
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Chapter 5: Visual Basic and REALbas
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The Structure of a BASIC Program 59
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Declaring Variables 593 Declaring i
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Declaring Constants 595 Declaring B
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Branching Statements 599 The preced
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Creating Subprograms and Functions
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Data Structures 603 Data Structures
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Creating Objects 605 Creating Objec
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Book VII Applications
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Chapter 1: Database Management In T
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The Basics of Databases 611 To retr
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The Basics of Databases 613 Althoug
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The Basics of Databases 615 Employe
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Manipulating Data 617 Tables divide
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Manipulating Data 619 The Join comm
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Manipulating Data 621 SET PhoneNumb
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Database Programming 623 Figure 1-1
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Chapter 2: Bioinformatics In This C
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The Basics of Bioinformatics 627 Un
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Searching Databases 629 ✦ Swiss-P
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Bioinformatics Programming 631 Alth
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Chapter 3: Computer Security In Thi
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Stopping Malware 635 Worms Similar
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Stopping Hackers 637 Stopping Hacke
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Secure Computing 639 Forensics If y
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Secure Computing 641 start. The ide
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Chapter 4: Artificial Intelligence
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Problem Solving 645 Game-playing Be
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Problem Solving 647 Expert System K
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Problem Solving 649 Humans can unde
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Problem Solving 651 Such speech rec
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Machine Learning 653 With LISP, eve
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Machine Learning 655 Robotics and a
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`Chapter 5: The Future of Computer
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Picking an Operating System 659 opt
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Cross-Platform Programming 661 Unfo
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Cross-Platform Programming 663 The
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Cross-Platform Programming 665 Anot
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The Programming Language of the Fut
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The Programming Language of the Fut
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Index Numerics 0 (zero) initializin
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Index 673 blocks of commands in cur
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Index 675 dictionaries versus, 352
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Index 677 database management conne
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Index 679 enumerated variables (C/C
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Index 681 hybrid OOP languages, 246
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Index 683 knowledge base, 646, 647
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Index 685 modeling, 44-45 Modula-2
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Index 687 advantages and disadvanta
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Index 689 looping statements, 600-6
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Index 691 extreme programming metho
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Index 693 source code as, 264 tab-d
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Index 695 as event-driven programmi
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