GUNS, GERMS AND STEEL - Cloverport Independent Schools

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3 7 8 • GUNS, GERMS, AND STEEL THE FIVE MAJOR human groups to which Africa was already home by A.D. 1000 are those loosely referred to by laypeople as blacks, whites, African Pygmies, Khoisan, and Asians. Figure 19.1 depicts their distributions, while the portraits following page 288 will remind you of their striking differences in skin color, hair form and color, and facial features. Blacks were formerly confined to Africa, Pygmies and Khoisan still live only there, while many more whites and Asians live outside Africa than in it. These five groups constitute or represent all the major divisions of humanity except for Aboriginal Australians and their relatives. Many readers may already be protesting: don't stereotype people by classifying them into arbitrary "races"! Yes, I acknowledge that each of these so-called major groups is very diverse. To lump people as different as Zulus, Somalis, and Ibos under the single heading of "blacks" ignores the differences between them. We ignore equally big differences when we lump Africa's Egyptians and Berbers with each other and with Europe's Swedes under the single heading of "whites." In addition, the divisions between blacks, whites, and the other major groups are arbitrary, because each such group shades into others: all human groups on Earth have mated with humans of every other group that they encountered. Nevertheless, as we'll see, recognizing these major groups is still so useful for understanding history that I'll use the group names as shorthand, without repeating the above caveats in every sentence. Of the five African groups, representatives of many populations of blacks and whites are familiar to Americans and Europeans and need no physical description. Blacks occupied the largest area of Africa even as of A.D. 1400: the southern Sahara and most of sub-Saharan Africa (see Figure 19.1). While American blacks of African descent originated mainly from Africa's west coastal zone, similar peoples traditionally occupied East Africa as well, north to the Sudan and south to the southeast coast of South Africa itself. Whites, ranging from Egyptians and Libyans to Moroccans, occupied Africa's north coastal zone and the northern Sahara. Those North Africans would hardly be confused with blue-eyed blond-haired Swedes, but most laypeople would still call them "whites" because they have lighter skin and straighter hair than peoples to the south termed "blacks." Most of Africa's blacks and whites depended on farming or herding, or both, for their living. In contrast, the next two groups, the Pygmies and Khoisan, include
HOW AFRICA BECAME BLACK • 3 7 9 Figure 19.1. See the text for caveats about describing distributions of African peoples in terms of these familiar but problematical groupings.
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GUNS, GERMS AND STEEL THE FATES OF
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a summary of human history that can
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CONTENTS Preface to the Paperback E
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CONTENTS • 7 CHAPTER 16 HOW CHINA
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1O • PREFACE groups. Some of them
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PROLOGUE YALI'S QUESTION WE ALL KNO
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YALI'S QUESTION " I 5 New Guinean a
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YALI'S QUESTION • I 7 Mexico, Per
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YAM'S QUESTION • 19 sidered evolu
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YALI'S QUESTION • 2 1 major cause
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YALI'S QUESTION • 23 depended on
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YALI'S QUESTION • 25 molded socie
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YALI'S QUESTION • 27 research. Ho
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YALI'S QUESTION • 29 sisting of C
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YALI'S QUESTION • 3 I Asian mainl
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FROM EDEN TO CAJAMARCA
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PART TWO THE RISE AND SPREAD OF FOO
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CHAPTER 6 To FARM OR NOT TO FARM FO
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CHAPTER 7 How TO MAKE AN ALMOND IF
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CHAPTER 10 SPACIOUS SKIES AND TILTE
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PART THR FROM FOOD TO GUNS, GERMS,
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CHAPTER 15 YALI'S PEOPLE WHEN MY WI
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YALI'S PEOPLE • 297 world tour, a
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Figure 15.1. Map of the region from
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YALI'S PEOPLE • 301 since the var
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YALI'S PEOPLE • 303 the highlands
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YALI'S PEOPLE • 305 the coast and
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YALI'S PEOPLE " 307 dreds of villag
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YALI'S PEOPLE • 309 Australia was
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YALI'S PEOPLE • 311 was reaped wi
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YALI'S PEOPLE • 31 3 the Tasmania
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YALI'S PEOPLE » 315 lacked pigs, p
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YALI'S PEOPLE " 317 ubiquitous role
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YALI'S PEOPLE • 319 overwhelmingl
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YALI'S PEOPLE • 3 2 I constitute
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HOW CHINA BECAME CHINESE • 323 pr
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HOW CHINA BECAME CHINESE • 325 Es
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Page 333 and 334: HOW CHINA BECAME CHINESE • 333 Ch
Page 335 and 336: SPEEDBOAT TO POLYNESIA • 3 3 5 ha
Page 337 and 338: SPEEDBOAT TO POLYNESIA • 337 Figu
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Page 405 and 406: YALI'S QUESTION WENT TO THE HEART O
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FURTHER READINGS THESE SUGGESTIONS
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FURTHER READINGS • 431 distinguis
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FURTHER READINGS " 4 3 3 Haynes, Jr
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FURTHER READINGS • 4 3 5 Five imp
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FURTHER READINGS • 4 3 7 translat
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FURTHER READINGS • 4 4 I Biology
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FURTHER READINGS * 4 4 7 Burger, Ch
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FURTHER READINGS • 4 5 3 entrance
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FURTHER READINGS • 4 5 5 Food in
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FURTHER READINGS • 4 5 7 between
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