GUNS, GERMS AND STEEL - Cloverport Independent Schools

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4 1 4 " EPILOGUE technological preeminence to Europe is to understand China's chronic unity and Europe's chronic disunity. The answer is again suggested by maps (see page 415). Europe has a highly indented coastline, with five large peninsulas that approach islands in their isolation, and all of which evolved independent languages, ethnic groups, and governments: Greece, Italy, Iberia, Denmark, and Norway / Sweden. China's coastline is much smoother, and only the nearby Korean Peninsula attained separate importance. Europe has two islands (Britain and Ireland) sufficiently big to assert their political independence and to maintain their own languages and ethnicities, and one of them (Britain) big and close enough to become a major independent European power. But even China's two largest islands, Taiwan and Hainan, have each less than half the area of Ireland; neither was a major independent power until Taiwan's emergence in recent decades; and Japan's geographic isolation kept it until recently much more isolated politically from the Asian mainland than Britain has been from mainland Europe. Europe is carved up into independent linguistic, ethnic, and political units by high mountains (the Alps, Pyrenees, Carpathians, and Norwegian border mountains), while China's mountains east of the Tibetan plateau are much less formidable barriers. China's heartland is bound together from east to west by two long navigable river systems in rich alluvial valleys (the Yangtze and Yellow Rivers), and it is joined from north to south by relatively easy connections between these two river systems (eventually linked by canals). As a result, China very early became dominated by two huge geographic core areas of high productivity, themselves only weakly separated from each other and eventually fused into a single core. Europe's two biggest rivers, the Rhine and Danube, are smaller and connect much less of Europe. Unlike China, Europe has many scattered small core areas, none big enough to dominate the others for long, and each the center of chronically independent states. Once China was finally unified, in 221 B.C., no other independent state ever had a chance of arising and persisting for long in China. Although periods of disunity returned several times after 221 B.C., they always ended in reunification. But the unification of Europe has resisted the efforts of such determined conquerors as Charlemagne, Napoleon, and Hitler; even the Roman Empire at its peak never controlled more than half of Europe's area. Thus, geographic connectedness and only modest internal barriers gave China an initial advantage. North China, South China, the coast, and the
Comparison of the coastlines of China and of Europe, drawn to the same scale. Note that Europe's is much more indented and includes more large peninsulas and two large islands.
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GUNS, GERMS AND STEEL THE FATES OF
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a summary of human history that can
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CONTENTS Preface to the Paperback E
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CONTENTS • 7 CHAPTER 16 HOW CHINA
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1O • PREFACE groups. Some of them
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PROLOGUE YALI'S QUESTION WE ALL KNO
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YALI'S QUESTION " I 5 New Guinean a
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YALI'S QUESTION • I 7 Mexico, Per
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YAM'S QUESTION • 19 sidered evolu
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YALI'S QUESTION • 2 1 major cause
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YALI'S QUESTION • 23 depended on
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YALI'S QUESTION • 25 molded socie
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YALI'S QUESTION • 27 research. Ho
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YALI'S QUESTION • 29 sisting of C
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YALI'S QUESTION • 3 I Asian mainl
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FROM EDEN TO CAJAMARCA
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50 GUNS, GERMS, AND STEEL habitable
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56 • GUNS, GERMS, AND STEEL Figur
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58 • GUNS, GERMS, AND STEEL Final
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PART TWO THE RISE AND SPREAD OF FOO
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CHAPTER 6 To FARM OR NOT TO FARM FO
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CHAPTER 7 How TO MAKE AN ALMOND IF
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CHAPTER 10 SPACIOUS SKIES AND TILTE
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PART THR FROM FOOD TO GUNS, GERMS,
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238 GUNS, GERMS, AND STEEL alphabet
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242 GUNS, GERMS, AND STEEL change.
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244 GUNS, GERMS, AND STEEL Inventor
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254 " GUNS, GERMS, AND STEEL Thus,
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CHAPTER 15 YALI'S PEOPLE WHEN MY WI
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YALI'S PEOPLE • 297 world tour, a
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Figure 15.1. Map of the region from
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YALI'S PEOPLE • 301 since the var
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YALI'S PEOPLE • 303 the highlands
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YALI'S PEOPLE • 305 the coast and
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YALI'S PEOPLE " 307 dreds of villag
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YALI'S PEOPLE • 309 Australia was
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YALI'S PEOPLE • 311 was reaped wi
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YALI'S PEOPLE • 31 3 the Tasmania
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YALI'S PEOPLE » 315 lacked pigs, p
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YALI'S PEOPLE " 317 ubiquitous role
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YALI'S PEOPLE • 319 overwhelmingl
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YALI'S PEOPLE • 3 2 I constitute
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HOW CHINA BECAME CHINESE • 323 pr
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HOW CHINA BECAME CHINESE • 325 Es
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HOW CHINA BECAME CHINESE • 3 2 7
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HOW CHINA BECAME CHINESE • 329 su
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HOW CHINA BECAME CHINESE - 3 3 1 co
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HOW CHINA BECAME CHINESE • 333 Ch
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SPEEDBOAT TO POLYNESIA • 3 3 5 ha
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SPEEDBOAT TO POLYNESIA • 337 Figu
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SPEEDBOAT TO POLYNESIA • 3 3 9 Po
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SPEEDBOAT TO POLYNESIA • 341 Figu
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SPEEDBOAT TO POLYNESIA • 3 4 3 si
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SPEEDBOAT TO POLYNESIA • 3 4 5 si
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SPEEDBOAT TO POLYNESIA • 3 4 7 Al
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SPEEDBOAT TO POLYNESIA • 3 4 9 In
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SPEEDBOAT TO POLYNESIA • 351 year
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SPEEDBOAT TO POLYNESIA • 3 5 3 mi
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HEMISPHERES COLLIDING • 3 5 5 and
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HEMISPHERES COLLIDING • 357 Euras
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HEMISPHERES COLLIDING • 3 5 9 man
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HEMISPHERES COLLIDING • 361 Table
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Page 405 and 406: YALI'S QUESTION WENT TO THE HEART O
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Page 429 and 430: FURTHER READINGS THESE SUGGESTIONS
Page 431 and 432: FURTHER READINGS • 431 distinguis
Page 433 and 434: FURTHER READINGS " 4 3 3 Haynes, Jr
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Page 437 and 438: FURTHER READINGS • 4 3 7 translat
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Page 455 and 456: FURTHER READINGS • 4 5 5 Food in
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