GUNS, GERMS AND STEEL - Cloverport Independent Schools

4 4 6 • FURTHER READINGS
Wertime, The Search for Ancient Tin (Washington, D.C.: Smithsonian
Institution Press, 1978). Accounts of metallurgy for local regions include
R. F. Tylecote, The Early History of Metallurgy in Europe (London: Longman,
1987), and Donald Wagner, Iron and Steel in Ancient China (Leiden:
Brill, 1993).
Chapter 14
The fourfold classification of human societies into bands, tribes, chiefdoms,
and states owes much to two books by Elman Service: Primitive
Social Organization (New York: Random House, 1962) and Origins of
the State and Civilization (New York: Norton, 1975). A related classification
of societies, using different terminology, is Morton Fried, The Evolution
of Political Society (New York: Random House, 1967). Three
important review articles on the evolution of states and societies are Kent
Flannery, "The cultural evolution of civilizations," Annual Review of
Ecology and Systematics 3:399-426 (1972), the same author's "Prehistoric
social evolution," pp. 1-26 in Carol and Melvin Ember, eds.,
Research Frontiers in Anthropology (Englewood Cliffs: Prentice-Hall,
1995), and Henry Wright, "Recent research on the origin of the state,"
Annual Review of Anthropology 6:379-97 (1977). Robert Carneiro, "A
theory of the origin of the state," Science 169:733-38 (1970), argues that
states arise through warfare under conditions in which land is ecologically
limiting. Karl Wittfogel, Oriental Despotism (New Haven: Yale University
Press, 1957), relates state origins to large-scale irrigation and hydraulic
management. Three essays in On the Evolution of Complex Societies, by
William Sanders, Henry Wright, and Robert Adams (Malibu: Undena,
1984), present differing views of state origins, while Robert Adams, The
Evolution of Urban Society (Chicago: Aldine, 1966), contrasts state origins
in Mesopotamia and Mesoamerica.
Among studies of the evolution of societies in specific parts of the
world, sources for Mesopotamia include Robert Adams, Heartland of
Cities (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1981), and J. N. Postgate,
Early Mesopotamia (London: Routledge, 1992); for Mesoamerica, Richard
Blanton et al., Ancient Mesoamerica (Cambridge: Cambridge University
Press, 1981), and Joyce Marcus and Kent Flannery, Zapotec
Civilization (London: Thames and Hudson, 1996); for the Andes, Richard