GUNS, GERMS AND STEEL - Cloverport Independent Schools

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3 9 4 " GUNS, GERMS, AND STEEL Bantu farmers from West Africa's inland savanna south into its wetter coastal forest may have begun as early as 3000 B.c. (Figure 19.4). Words still widespread in all Bantu languages show that, already then, the Bantu had cattle and wet-climate crops such as yams, but that they lacked metal and were still engaged in much fishing, hunting, and gathering. They even lost their cattle to disease borne by tsetse flies in the forest. As they spread into the Congo Basin's equatorial forest zone, cleared gardens, and increased in numbers, they began to engulf the Pygmy hunter-gatherers and compress them into the forest itself. By soon after 1000 B.C. the Bantu had emerged from the eastern side of the forest into the more open country of East Africa's Rift Valley and Great Lakes. Here they encountered a melting pot of Afroasiatic and Nilo¬ Saharan farmers and herders growing millet and sorghum and raising livestock in drier areas, along with Khoisan hunter-gatherers. Thanks to their wet-climate crops inherited from their West African homeland, the Bantu were able to farm in wet areas of East Africa unsuitable for all those previous occupants. By the last centuries B.C. the advancing Bantu had reached the East African coast. In East Africa the Bantu began to acquire millet and sorghum (along with the Nilo-Saharan names for those crops), and to reacquire cattle, from their Nilo-Saharan and Afroasiatic neighbors. They also acquired iron, which had just begun to be smelted in Africa's Sahel zone. The origins of ironworking in sub-Saharan Africa soon after 1000 B.C. are still unclear. That early date is suspiciously close to dates for the arrival of Near Eastern ironworking techniques in Carthage, on the North African coast. Hence historians often assume that knowledge of metallurgy reached sub-Saharan Africa from the north. On the other hand, copper smelting had been going on in the West African Sahara and Sahel since at least 2000 B.C. That could have been the precursor to an independent African discovery of iron metallurgy. Strengthening that hypothesis, the ironsmelting techniques of smiths in sub-Saharan Africa were so different from those of the Mediterranean as to suggest independent development: African smiths discovered how to produce high temperatures in their village furnaces and manufacture steel over 2,000 years before the Bessemer furnaces of 19th-century Europe and America. With the addition of iron tools to their wet-climate crops, the Bantu had finally put together a military-industrial package that was unstoppable in the subequatorial Africa of the time. In East Africa they still had to
HOW AFRICA BECAME BLACK • 3 9 5 Figure 19.4. Approximate paths of the expansion that carried people speaking Bantu languages, originating from a homeland (designated H) in the northwest corner of the current Bantu area, over eastern and southern Africa between 3000 B.C. and A.D. 500.
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GUNS, GERMS AND STEEL THE FATES OF
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a summary of human history that can
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CONTENTS Preface to the Paperback E
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CONTENTS • 7 CHAPTER 16 HOW CHINA
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1O • PREFACE groups. Some of them
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PROLOGUE YALI'S QUESTION WE ALL KNO
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YALI'S QUESTION " I 5 New Guinean a
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YALI'S QUESTION • I 7 Mexico, Per
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YAM'S QUESTION • 19 sidered evolu
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YALI'S QUESTION • 2 1 major cause
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YALI'S QUESTION • 23 depended on
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YALI'S QUESTION • 25 molded socie
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YALI'S QUESTION • 27 research. Ho
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YALI'S QUESTION • 29 sisting of C
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YALI'S QUESTION • 3 I Asian mainl
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FROM EDEN TO CAJAMARCA
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PART TWO THE RISE AND SPREAD OF FOO
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CHAPTER 6 To FARM OR NOT TO FARM FO
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CHAPTER 7 How TO MAKE AN ALMOND IF
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CHAPTER 10 SPACIOUS SKIES AND TILTE
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CHAPTER 15 YALI'S PEOPLE WHEN MY WI
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YALI'S PEOPLE • 297 world tour, a
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Figure 15.1. Map of the region from
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YALI'S PEOPLE • 301 since the var
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YALI'S PEOPLE • 303 the highlands
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YALI'S PEOPLE • 305 the coast and
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YALI'S PEOPLE " 307 dreds of villag
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YALI'S PEOPLE • 309 Australia was
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YALI'S PEOPLE • 311 was reaped wi
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YALI'S PEOPLE • 31 3 the Tasmania
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YALI'S PEOPLE » 315 lacked pigs, p
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YALI'S PEOPLE " 317 ubiquitous role
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YALI'S PEOPLE • 319 overwhelmingl
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YALI'S PEOPLE • 3 2 I constitute
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HOW CHINA BECAME CHINESE • 323 pr
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HOW CHINA BECAME CHINESE • 325 Es
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HOW CHINA BECAME CHINESE • 3 2 7
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HOW CHINA BECAME CHINESE • 329 su
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HOW CHINA BECAME CHINESE - 3 3 1 co
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HOW CHINA BECAME CHINESE • 333 Ch
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SPEEDBOAT TO POLYNESIA • 3 3 5 ha
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SPEEDBOAT TO POLYNESIA • 337 Figu
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SPEEDBOAT TO POLYNESIA • 3 3 9 Po
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SPEEDBOAT TO POLYNESIA • 341 Figu
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FURTHER READINGS • 4 5 5 Food in
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