Historical Painting Techniques, Materials, and Studio Practice
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it also includes instructions fo r composition, the build-up of a miniature from<br />
a pencil drawing up to the final execution in paint, <strong>and</strong> so on. Some chapters<br />
are a combination of two or three short chapters from the Rome manuscript,<br />
covering more or less the same subjects. It seems that the writer of the treatise<br />
rearranged <strong>and</strong> exp<strong>and</strong>ed the text from the Rome manuscript to improve the<br />
contents (1).<br />
Valerio Mariani da Pesaro<br />
The miniaturist Valerio Mariani da Pesaro-the writer of the treatise, according<br />
to its title-is mentioned by Thieme-Becker as being active from<br />
1560 to 1600, <strong>and</strong> by Zani as living from 1565 to 1611, but further information<br />
on the treatise <strong>and</strong> its author seemed difficult to fmd (2). Archival<br />
research in Italy however proved otherwise, <strong>and</strong> the treatise can now be provided<br />
with an ample context.<br />
Mariani is described in Lancellotti's L'Hoggidi (1636) as a pupil of Giovanni<br />
Maria Boduino, a miniaturist who worked in Friuli (3). In a document from<br />
1582, Mariani is mentioned as the twelve-year-old pupil of Boduino, establishing<br />
Mariani's date of birth as 1570 (4). About Mariani's working environment<br />
after his training in Friuli, little information has been fo und so far. He<br />
worked, as he mentions in the treatise (Chapter XVI: Giallo Santo), for the<br />
Duke of Savoy: "Giallo santo is a colour which is extracted from the flower<br />
of the broom, as a painter in Borgo in Brescia taught me, while I stayed in<br />
that place in the service of the honourable memory of Duke Emanuele Filiberto,<br />
Duke of Savoy ..." (5). And, as can be read in the title of the treatise,<br />
he was also employed by the Duke of Urbino. According to the date of the<br />
treatise, this must have been Francesco Maria II della Rovere. The last known<br />
dates in Mariani's chronology are 1618, when he is mentioned as heir in his<br />
brother's will, <strong>and</strong> 1625, when he is mentioned as a debitore in the duke's<br />
bookkeeping (6).<br />
So far no documents on his work for the Savoy court or other employers<br />
have been fo und; therefore, we concentrate on Mariani's activities fo r the<br />
Urbino court, which provides us, as will become clear, with the context in<br />
which the treatise was written.<br />
Francesco Maria II della Rovere began his reign in 1574, after his father<br />
Guidobaldo II della Rovere died, leaving him with a bankrupt state. The<br />
young duke, who had a strict <strong>and</strong> sober upbringing at the court of Philip II,<br />
started a period of severe economizing, including trimming the court's cultural<br />
expenses. It was 1580 before the duke regained interest <strong>and</strong> renewed<br />
his financial backing fo r cultural <strong>and</strong> artistic activities. Many documents, as<br />
well as artworks he commissioned, survive the period of his reign, creating a<br />
clear image of the cultural policy <strong>and</strong> interests of the duke (7).<br />
As a contemporary chronicle states, "When Francesco Maria, the last Duke,<br />
had paid the large debts of his father Guidobaldo by stopping the many arts<br />
<strong>and</strong> famous crafts that were executed here, he changed his mind after seeing<br />
the severe consequences <strong>and</strong> ordered the fo undation of several workshops at<br />
his court where very excellent masters in every art <strong>and</strong> profession were put<br />
to work" (8). One such master was the miniaturist Valerio Mariani da Pesaro.<br />
These workshops fo rmed a well-organized business, providing artworks "to<br />
order" for the duke. As not only masters but apprentices were present, the<br />
workshops seem to provide the appropriate milieu for writing a technical<br />
manual. A sketch of the workshops will, therefore, be given.<br />
The workshops<br />
The duke made personal notes during the years 1580-1620 of all his "artistic<br />
expenses," including monthly payments to the botteghini (workshops) (9). He<br />
employed painters, sculptors, watchmakers, ebony workers, bookbinders, goldsmiths,<br />
<strong>and</strong> miniaturists in a lively <strong>and</strong> businesslike organization (10).<br />
Hermens<br />
49