International Trade - Theory and Policy, 2010a

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+ the variable increases − the variable decreases 0 the variable does not change A the variable change is ambiguous (i.e., it may rise, it may fall) For example, a production subsidy applied by a small country to an import-competing industry will have no effect on the domestic market price of the import good; therefore a 0 is placed in the first box of the table. TABLE 8.2 EFFECTS OF A PRODUCTION SUBSIDY Production Subsidy to an Import Industry by a Small Country Domestic Market Price 0 Domestic Industry Employment Domestic Consumer Welfare Domestic Producer Welfare Domestic Government Revenue Domestic National Welfare Foreign Price Foreign Consumer Welfare Foreign Producer Welfare Foreign National Welfare Saylor URL: http://www.saylor.org/books Saylor.org 421
8.5 Domestic Consumption Taxes LEARNING OBJECTIVES 1. Distinguish domestic consumption taxes from trade taxes. 2. Describe the motivations for government use of consumption taxes. A domestic consumption tax is a tax collected by a government on sales of a particular product. The tax can be levied either as an ad valorem tax (a percentage of the value of the good) or as a specific tax (a charge per unit of the good sold). The domestic consumption tax is different from an import tariff or an export tax. The consumption tax is levied on all the goods sold in the domestic market regardless of where the goods are produced. An import tariff or export tax, on the other h<strong>and</strong>, is levied only on units of the goods actually imported or exported. An import tariff <strong>and</strong> an export tax are classified as trade policies, whereas the consumption tax is a domestic policy. Saylor URL: http://www.saylor.org/books Saylor.org 422
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This text was adapted by The Saylor
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Chapter 1 Introductory Trade Issues
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However, rapid growth in the value
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As of 2009, 153 countries were memb
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International trade is a field in e
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imported, the U.S. government colle
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Kenya 12.7 Ghana 13.1 Generally spe
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Average tariffs can be measured as
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When the bubble bursts, the demand
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missed deadlines are commonplace in
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a well-known “bicycle theory” a
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But at the same time that many deve
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Recent opposition to trade liberali
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ought back to the United States and
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conference attended by the main all
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One of the key principles of the GA
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arriers. [1] The trade remedy laws
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ound tariff rate the country reache
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instead, they are put into place ov
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5. The WTO principle to treat an im
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subsidies. Recall that export subsi
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As a result of Uruguay Round negoti
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Agreement, or TRIPS. The TRIPS inte
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1.7 The World Trade Organization LE
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1. Consultations. The DSB first dem
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countries from choosing more destru
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P, P+ CAFTA-DR FTA PE MA OM R SG U.
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0806.10.20 $1.13/m 3 (Feb. 15-Mar.
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Tariffs vary according to time of e
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1.9 Appendix B: Bound versus Applie
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EXERCISE 1. Jeopardy Questions. As
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2.1 The Reasons for Trade LEARNING
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For example, the Ricardian model of
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2. Learn the major historical figur
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could end up with more of both good
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The primary issue in the analysis o
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Real wages (and incomes) of individ
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he begins planting seeds in the sec
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In this way, we might raise the wel
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2.3 Ricardian Model Assumptions LEA
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Utility Maximization and Demand In
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United States L C + L W = L France
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2. Suppose that the unit labor requ
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KEY TAKEAWAYS The equation aLC QC
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comparative advantage in newspaper
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−aLCaLW⎡⎣⎢hrslbhrsgal=gallb
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KEY TAKEAWAYS Labor productivity i
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2.6 A Ricardian Numerical Example L
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With full employment of labor, prod
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At this point, we can already see a
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The answer to some of these questio
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wC=PCaLC. If production occurs in t
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Thus a good way to think about how
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Similarly, by rearranging the above
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production. But where will they fin
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The focus on real wages allows us t
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Real Wages in Autarky To calculate
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exchange. Thus the real wage of che
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2.11 The Welfare Effects of Free Tr
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Free trade will raise aggregate wel
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Chapter 3 The Pure Exchange Model o
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A Simple Example of Trade Suppose t
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3.2 Determinants of the Terms of Tr
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Persuasion The art of persuasion ca
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KEY TAKEAWAY The terms of trade is
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two individuals make a voluntary ex
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3.4 Three Traders and Redistributio
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is not motivated by profit but inst
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The changes described above assume
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3.6 The Nondiscrimination Argument
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clothing worker. The same applies i
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the page, scroll down to the “Bou
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4.1 Factor Mobility Overview LEARNI
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argument that free trade can only b
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them, but only if the prices are ve
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4.3 Time and Factor Mobility LEARNI
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factor to be moved and become produ
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KEY TAKEAWAY The immobile factor m
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wine workers and cheese workers. Th
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In autarky, the quantity demanded o
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4.7 Depicting a Free Trade Equilibr
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0 the variable does not change A th
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Thus cheese workers are most likely
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Real Wage of Wheat Workers in Terms
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wages. However, these extra profits
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French production and consumption i
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5.1 Chapter Overview LEARNING OBJEC
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less-developed countries have much
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would rise, while the wage rate wou
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Ricardian model, then factor prices
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4. This is by which industries diff
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where KC and KS are the quantities
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Let aLC[labor−hrsrack] represent
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The capital-labor ratio in an indus
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that would employ all the capital i
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The Relationship between Endowments
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Suppose the exogenous variables of
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Adding these two equations vertical
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3. Write the magnification effect f
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tariffs or other government regulat
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If the price of clothing had risen,
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Table 5.6 Numerical Values for Exog
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w∧>PC∧>PS∧>r∧. The effect i
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2. Suppose the price of cheese fall
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this requires a fair amount of adva
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workers per unit of capital in the
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of quantities CS″/CC″. Since CS
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In Figure 5.8 "Free Trade Equilibri
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5.11 National Welfare Effects of Fr
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calculating changes in real income
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who has deposits in a pension plan
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export industry in order to benefit
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Income is redistributed among indiv
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Thus it is always possible to find
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affects the capital-labor ratios in
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1. Describe the pattern of factor f
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assumed to be freely and costlessly
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expansion of output in the export s
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[1] See R. W. Jones, “A Three-Fac
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product line for a representative t
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The total amount of revenue earned
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The horizontal length of Figure 5.1
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Our prime concern, however, is the
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An alternative version of the magni
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8. The magnification effect for pri
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can be used to transport tomatoes o
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esponds to the excess supply of wor
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The effect on workers is, in genera
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Factor Rewards over Time Now let’
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Figure 5.20 Dynamic Import-Capital
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In summary, the models suggest that
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[1] See J. P. Neary, “Short-Run C
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6.1 Chapter Overview LEARNING OBJEC
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6.2 Economies of Scale and Returns
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produced and if the costs of this e
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6.3 Gains from Trade with Economies
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United States aLC = 1 L = 100 Franc
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thirty racks of clothing, then each
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model best describes markets in whi
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2. Each firm produces a product tha
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2. The demand assumption in which e
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Keep in mind that this is the equil
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KEY TAKEAWAYS A market equilibrium
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1. If the product is such that an i
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varieties may increase aggregate we
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7.1 Basic Assumptions of the Partia
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2. The term used to describe a coun
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where XSUS(.) is the export supply
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This implies also that world supply
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1. The price that equalizes one cou
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The price that ultimately prevails
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Surplus", some firm would be willin
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Changes in Producer Surplus Suppose
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2. The term used to describe a meas
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the same price for their product re
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to purchase the Mexican wheat at $1
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The effect on the foreign price is
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The quantity of imports and exports
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the sum of the gains exceeds the su
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indicate the effect of each policy
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7.6 The Optimal Tariff LEARNING OBJ
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zero. Somewhere between a zero tari
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3. The tariff rate that corresponds
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KEY TAKEAWAYS An import tariff wil
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7.8 Import Tariffs: Small Country W
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3. The tariff causes a redistributi
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1. Where on the graph is the level
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We examine the effects of optimal t
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3. Given player one’s optimal pol
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The goal of a cooperative equilibri
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1. Use the information provided in
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7.10 Import Quotas: Large Country P
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An import quota will reduce the qua
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KEY TAKEAWAYS To administer a quot
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demand is equal to the quota level.
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market decreases producer surplus i
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Foreign National Welfare 2. Suppose
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This implies that, in the case of a
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Quota Rents National Welfare + C
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Import Quota (Administered by Givin
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to as tariffication. In this way, f
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Next, consider the effects in this
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In situations where market changes
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Page 410 and 411: If a domestic consumption tax is im
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Page 416 and 417: KEY TAKEAWAYS Domestic production
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Page 436 and 437: Chapter 9 Trade Policies with Marke
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Page 440 and 441: EXERCISE 1. Jeopardy Questions. As
Page 442 and 443: firm’s welfare) by restricting su
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Page 452 and 453: Summary of the Theory of the Second
Page 454 and 455: 9.4 Unemployment and Trade Policy L
Page 456 and 457: Suppose that international market c
Page 458 and 459: 9.2 "Welfare Effects of an Import T
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Page 462 and 463: eliminate the same unemployment imp
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The Economic Argument against Infan
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world efficiency standards, protect
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9.6 The Case of a Foreign Monopoly
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Assuming the monopolist maximizes p
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Import tariff effects on the import
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This shows that although a tariff c
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2. Recognize that a trade policy ca
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consider a large importing country
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the subsidy is set too high, the lo
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9.8 Public Goods and National Secur
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nonexcludable because once it is th
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efficiency loss. Nevertheless, the
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5. The term describing a ìgoodî l
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the environment. On the other hand,
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Pollution Effect National Welfare
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Govt. Revenue Pollution Effect + e
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A Source of Controversy For many en
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This statement points out that many
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noneconomists, providing permits th
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[4] World Trade Organization, “Tr
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product categories. This type of tr
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The key question of interest concer
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Figure 9.10 "Harmful Trade Diversio
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Free trade area effects on Country
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We assume that A has a specific tar
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The simple way to do that is to ima
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Chapter 10 Political Economy and In
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do indeed seek to maximize national
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a representative democracy, governm
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3. This type of lobbying does not i
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much larger than the number of firm
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We can now ask whether a household
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Large groups are much less effectiv
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Because the per-producer benefit of
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clearly he or she would vote for th
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10.7 The Lobbying Problem in a Demo
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Chapter 11 Evaluating the Controver
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the results from any one model. Ins
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increase in national welfare. This
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4. The enhancement of this is what
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of the real world. The real world c
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Another way to deflect the concern
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For example, an optimal tariff or o
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Stuart Mill in hisPrinciples of Pol
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11.5 The Economic Case against Sele
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to eliminate some of the inefficien
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effects, it would then need to meas
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to avoid the use of any such policy
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Selected protection requires detail
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11.6 Free Trade as the “Pragmatic
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