International Trade - Theory and Policy, 2010a

could end up with more of both goods after specialization and free trade than they each had before trade.
This means that England may nevertheless benefit from free trade even though it is assumed to be
technologically inferior to Portugal in the production of everything.
As it turned out, specialization in any good would not suffice to guarantee the improvement in world
output. Only one of the goods would work. Ricardo showed that the specialization good in each country
should be that good in which the country had a comparative advantage in production. To identify a
country’s comparative advantage good requires a comparison of production costs across countries.
However, one does not compare the monetary costs of production or even the resource costs (labor
needed per unit of output) of production. Instead, one must compare the opportunity costs of producing
goods across countries.
A country is said to have a comparative advantage in the production of a good (say, cloth) if it can produce
it at a lower opportunity cost than another country. The opportunity cost of cloth production is defined as
the amount of wine that must be given up in order to produce one more unit of cloth. Thus England would
have the comparative advantage in cloth production relative to Portugal if it must give up less wine to
produce another unit of cloth than the amount of wine that Portugal would have to give up to produce
another unit of cloth.
All in all, this condition is rather confusing. Suffice it to say that it is quite possible, indeed likely, that
although England may be less productive in producing both goods relative to Portugal, it will nonetheless
have a comparative advantage in the production of one of the two goods. Indeed, there is only one
circumstance in which England would not have a comparative advantage in either good, and in this case
Portugal also would not have a comparative advantage in either good. In other words, either each country
has the comparative advantage in one of the two goods or neither country has a comparative advantage in
anything.
Another way to define comparative advantage is by comparing productivities across industries and
countries. Suppose, as before, that Portugal is more productive than England in the production of both
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