The Gateway Chronicle 2020

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22 Individuals Was Henry VII really the king who created a new style of kingship? In a period when the art of kingship was constantly evolving, responsibility rested upon the king who wore the crown to innovate and modernise the role. Henry VII is widely considered to have brought a new style of kingship to fruition, but was he really as pioneering as many people believe? T he traditional, even slightly teleological argument goes like this. Henry VII came to power and dramatically began a dramatic change in the way kings governed the land. No longer would kings “He relied on his own central spies rather than fickle nobles to provide information” repeatedly go to war. Instead they would pursue peace. No longer would kings govern through the nobility and parliament. Instead they would have more direct control over the realm. Henry VII certainly did practice this type of kingship. Previous medieval kings such as Edward III and Henry V had taken the decision to go on grand foreign expeditions to France. Henry VII did not pursue an interest in regaining lands from France. He instead focussed on international diplomacy, such as his 1496 trade agreement with France. He also used foreign diplomacy to bring about domestic stability. Troublesome Margaret of Burgundy was exiled in the Netherlands and was aiding anti-Tudor activities in England. Instead of going to war with the Netherlands, he signed the Magnus Intercursus in 1496, a trade alliance that led to the Netherlands limiting her influence on English affairs. As a consequence of not having to go to war, the King did not need to raise money. This meant Henry VII became less reliant on Parliament, which had made it so much harder for previous kings to rule effectively such as the Long Parliament under Henry IV. Indeed, Henry VII only called Parliament seven times throughout his 24-year reign which gave him more power. His power was also strengthened by the way he behaved towards the nobility. He threatened them through forced bonds which meant they would not be rich enough to form great new private armies which had made them so powerful and problematic for previous kings. He also relied on his own central spies rather than fickle nobles to provide information, which was exceedingly useful, for instance when he used scouts to find out the plans of the Cornish rebels in 1497. Of course, it should be noted that he changed noble relations, but not entirely in circumstances of his own making. <strong>The</strong> Henry VII
23 Wars of the Roses had significantly weakened the nobility due to the great killings that took place between noble families. It is tempting to say that Henry was the founder of this new kingship. After all, 1485 marked the end of the ‘Wars of the Roses’ and brought a new dynasty to the throne. A new period of history, the Tudors, had begun and therefore surely that’s where the new style of kingship begun. New kingship, New England. In fact, however, Henry VII had probably drawn on Edward IV’s example of inform his new monarchy. During his second time on the throne, Edward IV had also employed a similar style of kingship. He had not fought foreign battles repeatedly. Instead, he went to France with an army “Henry VII shaped, crafted and accentuated the new kingship” began the use of spies, which he made great use of in 1466 to capture Henry VI. But maybe the original creator of this kingship came from a man nearly a century before Henry VII’s reign. Richard II was often seen as an unsuccessful and inept monarch who was deposed in 1399. Yet his style of kingship was certainly completely different to previous English monarchs. He pursued peace with France, which he achieved through his 1396 marriage that gave him a 28-year truce and £130 000. This made him less reliant on Parliament which he took great pleasure in not having to be dependent on anymore. He most certainly tried to bully the nobility. He forced the nobles to sign away all their lands to him in the late 1390s and in 1397 killed three nobles who had angered him ten years back. He was trying to send a message to the nobility which conveyed his strength over them and his toughness against them. While his bullying ultimately backfired when Henry Bolingbroke, who he had expelled and disinherited, usurped him. But some aspects of his strategy such as peace with France was observed and acted upon by his successors many years later. Commemorative plaque for Cornish Rebellion in but came back with a treaty in Cornish and English, 1475 which gave him more Blackheath Common money and one less threat. Rather than relying on Parliament for money to pay off the debts left by his predecessors through taxation, he also relied on forced gifts which made Parliament less controlling. It was he who Henry VII’s son, Henry VIII, would build on his father’s legacy by breaking with Rome, furthering the power of the king – an incredibly significant milestone in changes to kingship. Henry VII certainly shaped, crafted and accentuated the ‘new kingship’. But it was not his creation entirely. Richard II and, more importantly, Edward IV were in fact significant players too in the foundation of this new style of monarchy. Sam OA
Page 1 and 2: CHRONICLE Thinking History THE GATE
Page 3 and 4: Contents A word from the editors…
Page 6 and 7: 4 Political Ideologies Mare Nostrum
Page 8 and 9: 6 Fascist Party’ was able to win
Page 10 and 11: 8 Political Ideologies Lebensraum:
Page 12 and 13: 10 isolation. Firstly, the Holocaus
Page 14 and 15: 12 Political Ideologies How was Hit
Page 16 and 17: 14 at fault for losing the First Wo
Page 18 and 19: 16 For instance, for the 1937 Paris
Page 20 and 21: 18 With that said, how did it actua
Page 22: 20 Zionists both in Palestine and t
Page 27 and 28: Individuals 25 Marlene Dietrich: Re
Page 29 and 30: 27 became problematic when she retu
Page 31 and 32: 29 theatre director Vsevolod Meyerh
Page 34 and 35: 32 Religion Establishing and develo
Page 36 and 37: 34 which is often the way popular r
Page 38 and 39: 36 to a period of sustained chaos,
Page 40 and 41: 38 individuals, who believe that di
Page 42 and 43: 40 This said, it took until AD597 f
Page 44 and 45: 42 This brings us to the 6 th of Ja
Page 46 and 47: 44 - including explanations on cont
Page 48 and 49: 46 In Islam, waqf is a donation of
Page 50 and 51: 48 The Putney Debates “Agreement
Page 52 and 53: 50 Religion The origins of laïcit
Page 54 and 55: 52 Clergy, which redrew regional cl
Page 56: 54 be forced to acknowledge the imp
Page 59 and 60: 57 Democracy itself was created in
Page 61 and 62: 59 evident in 1787 and continues to
Page 63 and 64: 61 battle’, which resulted in Hen
Page 65 and 66: 63 Henry V certainly drew authority
Page 67: 65 his initial promises, Czechoslov
Page 70 and 71: 68 Abacuses were something of a new
Page 72 and 73: 70 However, he seems to be more of
Page 74 and 75:
72 Mathematics and Economics How la
Page 76 and 77:
74 Mathematics and Economics Corona
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