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72 Mathematics and Economics How laissez-faire was Britain in the late 18 th and early 19 th Century? L aissez-faire ideas are a belief in free markets and so little state regulation in those markets. British economist Adam Smith developed ideas of laissez-faire in his 1776 book the ‘Wealth of Nations’. The saying ‘Laissez-faire’ is said to have come from a French Finance General who, when asked by King Louis XIV what he could to help, was told to leave it alone. In the late 18 th and early 19 th Century, the British government, under both Whigs and Tories, believed laissezfaire policies were the strongest way to promote industrialisation. The government was particularly Laissezfaire in their approach to the living and working conditions of workers. The gov- Britain during the industrial revolution ernment left it up to factory owners to ensure the safety of their workers. This can be shown by Richard Arkwright who, in 1769, opened Britain’s first factory with no safety mechanisms. Moreover, the government would pass legislation to ensure the interest of factory owners were met. For example, in 1813 the Repeal of the Statue of Artificers was passed which mean regulations on wages and working conditions were lifted. Additionally, the government passed anti trade Union legislation to protect factory owners against striking. In 1799 and 1800 the Combinations Acts were passed which made Trade Unions illegal and in 1823 the Master and Servant Act was passed which made striking punishable by imprisonment. The government also tried to limit “The government was particularly laissez-fair in their approach to living and working conditions of workers” Adam Smith
73 “some elements of government policy would suggest they intervened more in the free market” the number of Friendly Societies with the Friendly Societies Act of 1793. Furthermore, in 1807 Britain abolished the slave trade. Adam Smith argued in his book this was a policy that would protect the free market, as paying workers ensures they are more efficient. The government also supported banking in their free-market approach as, in 1826, the government removed limits on the number of joint-stock banks. tax, which especially affected the rich as incomes over £200 were taxed 10%. The tax would not only be used to finance the War as Robert Peel reintroduced it in 1846 to fund a deficit. Additionally, in 1807 the orders-in-council were issued by the British government known as the Ministry of all Talents. These forbade British trade with France, its allies, or any neutral European country in the War. However, these trade barriers must be viewed only as a necessary War measure. Moreover, the fact the tax was repealed in 1816 by Lord Liverpool, which suggests the government were sticking to laissezfaire policy. These were not the only trade barriers introduced as, in 1815, the corn laws were introduced which placed a tariff on grain imports. However, these were repealed in 1846 by Peel, showing they were only used as a temporary and necessary measure to protect British landowners. However, some elements of government policy would suggest they intervened more in the free market. This was espe- The war with France prompted the introduction of income tax cially true in the 1793- 1815 War with France. In 1799, to finance the War, Prime Minister Pitt was forced to introduce an income Overall, the government were committed to laissezfaire policies as they ensured industrial growth for Britain and they would only move away from laissez-faire policies when it was necessary in the War with France. Joe, L6AJG
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CHRONICLE Thinking History THE GATE
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Contents A word from the editors…
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4 Political Ideologies Mare Nostrum
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6 Fascist Party’ was able to win
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8 Political Ideologies Lebensraum:
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10 isolation. Firstly, the Holocaus
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12 Political Ideologies How was Hit
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14 at fault for losing the First Wo
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16 For instance, for the 1937 Paris
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18 With that said, how did it actua
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20 Zionists both in Palestine and t
Page 25 and 26: 23 Wars of the Roses had significan
Page 27 and 28: Individuals 25 Marlene Dietrich: Re
Page 29 and 30: 27 became problematic when she retu
Page 31 and 32: 29 theatre director Vsevolod Meyerh
Page 34 and 35: 32 Religion Establishing and develo
Page 36 and 37: 34 which is often the way popular r
Page 38 and 39: 36 to a period of sustained chaos,
Page 40 and 41: 38 individuals, who believe that di
Page 42 and 43: 40 This said, it took until AD597 f
Page 44 and 45: 42 This brings us to the 6 th of Ja
Page 46 and 47: 44 - including explanations on cont
Page 48 and 49: 46 In Islam, waqf is a donation of
Page 50 and 51: 48 The Putney Debates “Agreement
Page 52 and 53: 50 Religion The origins of laïcit
Page 54 and 55: 52 Clergy, which redrew regional cl
Page 56: 54 be forced to acknowledge the imp
Page 59 and 60: 57 Democracy itself was created in
Page 61 and 62: 59 evident in 1787 and continues to
Page 63 and 64: 61 battle’, which resulted in Hen
Page 65 and 66: 63 Henry V certainly drew authority
Page 67: 65 his initial promises, Czechoslov
Page 70 and 71: 68 Abacuses were something of a new
Page 72 and 73: 70 However, he seems to be more of
Page 76 and 77: 74 Mathematics and Economics Corona
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