Creswell_Research_Design_ Qualitative Quantitative and Mixed Methods Approaches 2018 5th Ed

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Identifying or Constructing Data Collection Instruments and MethodsWill the data collection process and outcomes benefit the community being studied?Will the research findings be credible to that community?Will communication with that community be effective?Will the data collection open up avenues for participation in the social change process?120
Analyzing, Interpreting, and Reporting and Using ResultsWill the results raise new hypotheses?Will the research examine subgroups (i.e., multilevel analyses) to analyze the differential impact on diverse groups?Will the results help understand and elucidate power relationships?Will the results facilitate social change?Source: Adapted from Mertens (2003). Reprinted with permission.These are high standards for any publication, and the review of 13 studies by Sweetman and colleagues (2010)showed an uneven inclusion of the 10 criteria in mixed methods studies. Only 2 of the 13 studies explicitlyreferred to their framework as “transformative.” More appropriate would be to consider these frameworks astheoretical lenses that might be applied within a mixed methods study. They can be incorporated byIndicating in the opening passages of a study that a framework (e.g., feminist, participatory) is beingused.Mentioning this framework early in a study—that it relates to a marginalized or underrepresentedcommunity and specific issues faced by that community (e.g., oppression, power).Lodging this framework within a theoretical body of literature, such as feminist literature or racialliterature.Involving the community of interest in the process of research (e.g., in the data collection).Taking a stand with the research question—advocating in its orientation (e.g., inequality does exist andthe research will set out to substantiate it).Advancing in the design the collection, analysis, and integration of both quantitative and qualitativemethods within the transformative framework.Talking about your experiences as a researcher and how your experiences and background shapes yourunderstanding of the participants and issues under study.Ending the study by advocating for change to help the population under study and the issue.One of the best ways to learn how to incorporate a transformative framework into a mixed methods study is toexamine published journal articles and study how it is being incorporated into the process of research.Example 3.4 illustrates good use of the transformative framework.Example 3.4 Theory in a Feminist Mixed Methods StudyAn article published in the Journal of Mixed Methods Research by Hodgkin (2008) illustrates the use of a feminist emancipatory lens in amixed methods study. Hodgkin examined if men and women have different social capital profiles and why women participated more insocial and community activities than in civic activities in Australia. Her stated aim of the study was to “demonstrate the use of mixedmethods in feminist research” (p. 296). Toward the beginning of her article, she discussed the feminist research component of her study,such as drawing attention to the lack of gender focus in studies of social capital, using qualitative and quantitative research to give voice towomen’s experiences, and locating her study within the transformative paradigm. Through her quantitative results, she found a differencein social capital for men and women, and then she explored in a second phase the viewpoints of women, noting women’s involvement in121
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Research DesignFifth Edition2
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Research DesignQualitative, Quantit
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Identifiers: LCCN 2017044644 | ISBN
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Detailed Contents1. Analytic Conten
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2. Format for a Qualitative Proposa
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1. The Survey Design2. The Populati
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Analytic Contents of Research Techn
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Chapter 2. Review of the Literature
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Chapter 4. Writing Strategies and E
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Chapter 6. The Purpose StatementUsi
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Chapter 8. Quantitative MethodsUsin
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Chapter 10. Mixed Methods Procedure
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PurposeThis book advances a framewo
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FormatIn each chapter, we share exa
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Outline of ChaptersThis book is div
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illustrations provide examples from
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AcknowledgmentsThis book could not
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Chapter 1 The Selection of a Resear
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by either the quantitative or quali
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Philosophical WorldviewsAlthough ph
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Reality and Lincoln and Guba’s (1
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Rorty (1990). There are many forms
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population by studying a sample of
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Convergent mixed methods is a form
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Research Approaches as Worldviews,
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Criteria for Selecting a Research A
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Personal ExperiencesResearchers’
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Writing Exercises1. Identify a rese
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Chapter 2 Review of the LiteratureB
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Actively elevating this topic to a
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The Literature ReviewOnce the resea
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has led to the need for the study,
Page 70 and 71: Design TechniquesRegardless of the
Page 72 and 73: On the Internet you can also go to
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Page 76 and 77: Briefly state information about the
Page 78 and 79: The Publication Manual of the Ameri
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Page 84 and 85: Individual ReflectionSchon (1983) d
Page 86 and 87: A Quantitative or Mixed Methods Lit
Page 88 and 89: Writing Exercises1. Develop a liter
Page 90 and 91: Chapter 3 The Use of TheoryOne comp
Page 92 and 93: Testing Causal Claims in Quantitati
Page 94 and 95: Other types of variables provide a
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Page 98 and 99: positive or negative valences that
Page 100 and 101: Placement of Quantitative TheoriesI
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Page 108 and 109: Variation in Theory Use in Qualitat
Page 110 and 111: Our research tips on theory use in
Page 112 and 113: Mixed Methods Theory UseTheory use
Page 114 and 115: Rosenbaum’s experiments relating
Page 116 and 117: How this framework is integrated in
Page 118 and 119: Identifying the Research DesignDoes
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Page 124 and 125: Gary Thomas presents a reasoned cri
Page 126 and 127: Writing the Proposal126
Page 128 and 129: Format for a Qualitative ProposalBe
Page 130 and 131: Format for a Quantitative ProposalF
Page 132 and 133: This format shows that the research
Page 134 and 135: Writing IdeasOver the years, John h
Page 136 and 137: The Habit of WritingEstablish the d
Page 138 and 139: Readability of the ManuscriptBefore
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Page 142 and 143: Voice, Tense, and “Fat”From wor
Page 144 and 145: Ethical Issues to AnticipateIn addi
Page 146 and 147: Sources: Adapted from APA (2010); C
Page 148 and 149: Guarantee of confidentiality to the
Page 150 and 151: Collecting the DataRespect the site
Page 152 and 153: Analyzing the DataAvoid going nativ
Page 154 and 155: Keep raw data and other materials (
Page 156 and 157: comprehensive review of many topics
Page 158 and 159: Chapter 5 The IntroductionAfter hav
Page 160 and 161: An Abstract for a StudyAn abstract
Page 162 and 163: Qualitative, Quantitative, and Mixe
Page 164 and 165: A Model for an IntroductionThese di
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studies in the integrated review in
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implications, and so forth.Discuss
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deficiencies in the past literature
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Significance and Meaning of a Purpo
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responses asked of participants and
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(participants) at a large universit
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Make reference to the participants
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A Mixed Methods Purpose StatementMi
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Although these examples may not inc
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Writing Exercises1. Using the scrip
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Qualitative Research QuestionsIn a
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experiences of family, schooling, a
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variables (this would be a descript
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Descriptive Questions1. How do the
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Mixed Methods Research Questions an
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the beginning of each phase of her
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Chapter 8 Quantitative MethodsWe tu
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Components of a Survey Study Method
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The Population and SampleIn the met
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Statistical test: Correlation: Biva
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.84-.86 in three studies (Cohen, Ka
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Data AnalysisIn the proposal, prese
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Interpreting Results and Writing a
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MethodologyThe site of this study w
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ParticipantsReaders need to know ab
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Allocation ratio N2/N1: 1With these
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Instrumentation and MaterialsJust l
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equated) by random assignment. No h
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One-Group Pretest-Posttest DesignTh
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Alternative Treatment Posttest-Only
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Single-Group Interrupted Time-Serie
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Pretest-Posttest Control-Group Desi
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Solomon Four-Group DesignA special
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Threats to ValidityThere are severa
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Potential threats to external valid
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Interpreting Results and Writing a
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ParticipantsA convenience sample of
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Writing Exercises1. Design a plan f
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Chapter 9 Qualitative MethodsQualit
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case, the use of qualitative resear
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Then deductively, the researchers l
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The Researcher’s Role and Reflexi
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Data Collection ProceduresComments
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Data Recording ProceduresBefore ent
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the final report. This process is u
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studies go beyond description and t
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coding comes into play. These steps
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Validity and ReliabilityAlthough va
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independently. Proposal writers nee
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The Qualitative Research ParadigmTh
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The Ethnographic Research DesignThi
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Bounding the Study282
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ActorsThe informant in this study i
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ProcessesParticular attention will
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Data Collection StrategiesData will
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VerificationIn ensuring internal va
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Writing Exercises1. Write a plan fo
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Chapter 10 Mixed Methods Procedures
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procedures. It also can be an ideal
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Convergent Mixed Methods DesignDesc
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A final procedure involves merging
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Explanatory Sequential Mixed Method
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Exploratory Sequential Mixed Method
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explanatory sequential design.308
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research in which both quantitative
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quantitative and qualitative data.
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As is evident in our discussion, we
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For example, in a convergent design
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of the measures used to gather data
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How was this framework used? The au
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This handbook, edited by Abbas Tash
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is an estimate in quantitative rese
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Institutional review board (IRB)is
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Moderating variablesare variables i
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Qualitative validitymeans that the
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is a theory framework that research
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ReferencesAikin, M. C. (Ed.). (1992
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Campbell, D., & Stanley, J. (1963).
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Creswell, J. W., & Poth, C. N. (201
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Greene, J. C., & Caracelli, V. J. (
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Keppel, G. (1991). Design and analy
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Mertens, D. M. (2003). Mixed method
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Research, Counseling Psychology, an
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Sudduth, A. G. (1992). Rural hospit
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Yin, R. K. (2014). Case study resea
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Brown, M. L., 66, 182Bryman, A., 21
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Garvan, C. W., 129, 220, 240Gibbs,
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Leslie, L. L., 157Levitt, H., 78Lev
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Poth, C. N., 13, 182, 186, 188-189
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Wallnau, L. B., 158Wang, E. A., 231
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written reports, 203See also Mixed
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ethical issues, 90 (table), 94-95et
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code of ethics, 91data analysis, 90
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end points, 63literature reviews, 2
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Line graphs, 173Literature maps, 30
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feminism, 71-72participatory-social
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sample size, 186themes, 193Philosop
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worldviewQualitative methodsabout,
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single versus teams, 239Research me
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Social workers’ exposure to viole
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Two-tailed alpha value, 152, 163Typ
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Table of ContentsHalf TitleAcknowle
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