Creswell_Research_Design_ Qualitative Quantitative and Mixed Methods Approaches 2018 5th Ed

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Statistical test: Correlation: Bivariate normal modelType of power analysis: A priori: Compute required sample sizeTails: TwoCorrelation ρ H1: .25α err prob: .05Power (1 – β err prob): .8Correlation ρ H0: 0This power analysis for sample size determination should be done during study planning prior toenrolling any participants. Many scientific journals now require researchers to report a power analysis forsample size determination in the Method section.214
InstrumentationAs part of rigorous data collection, the proposal developer also provides detailed information about the actualsurvey instruments to be used in the study. Consider the following:Name the survey instruments used to collect data. Discuss whether you used an instrument designed for thisresearch, a modified instrument, or an instrument developed by someone else. For example, if you aimto measure perceptions of stress over the last month, you could use the 10-item Perceived Stress Scale(PSS) (Cohen, Kamarck, & Mermelstein, 1983) as your stress perceptions instrument in your surveydesign. Many survey instruments, including the PSS, can be acquired and used for free as long as youcite the original source of the instrument. But in some cases, researchers have made the use of theirinstruments proprietary, requiring a fee for use. Instruments are increasingly being delivered through amultitude of online survey products now available (e.g., Qualtrics, Survey Monkey). Although theseproducts can be costly, they also can be quite helpful for accelerating and improving the survey researchprocess. For example, researchers can create their own surveys quickly using custom templates and postthem on websites or e-mail them to participants to complete. These software programs facilitate datacollection into organized spreadsheets for data analysis, reducing data entry errors and acceleratinghypothesis testing.Validity of scores using the instrument. To use an existing instrument, describe the established validity ofscores obtained from past use of the instrument. This means reporting efforts by authors to establishvalidity in quantitative research—whether you can draw meaningful and useful inferences from scoreson the instruments. The three traditional forms of validity to look for are (a) content validity (Do theitems measure the content they were intended to measure?), (b) predictive or concurrent validity (Doscores predict a criterion measure? Do results correlate with other results?), and (c) construct validity(Do items measure hypothetical constructs or concepts?). In more recent studies, construct validity hasbecome the overriding objective in validity, and it has focused on whether the scores serve a usefulpurpose and have positive consequences when they are used in practice (Humbley & Zumbo, 1996).Establishing the validity of the scores in a survey helps researchers to identify whether an instrumentmight be a good one to use in survey research. This form of validity is different from identifying thethreats to validity in experimental research, as discussed later in this chapter.Reliability of scores on the instrument. Also mention whether scores resulting from past use of theinstrument demonstrate acceptable reliability. Reliability in this context refers to the consistency orrepeatability of an instrument. The most important form of reliability for multi-item instruments is theinstrument’s internal consistency—which is the degree to which sets of items on an instrument behavein the same way. This is important because your instrument scale items should be assessing the sameunderlying construct, so these items should have suitable intercorrelations. A scale’s internal consistencyis quantified by a Cronbach’s alpha (α)value that ranges between 0 and 1, with optimal values rangingbetween .7 and .9. For example, the 10-item PSS has excellent internal consistency across manypublished reports, with the original source publication reporting internal consistency values of α =215
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Research DesignFifth Edition2
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Research DesignQualitative, Quantit
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Identifiers: LCCN 2017044644 | ISBN
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Detailed Contents1. Analytic Conten
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2. Format for a Qualitative Proposa
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1. The Survey Design2. The Populati
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Analytic Contents of Research Techn
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Chapter 2. Review of the Literature
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Chapter 4. Writing Strategies and E
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Chapter 6. The Purpose StatementUsi
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Chapter 8. Quantitative MethodsUsin
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Chapter 10. Mixed Methods Procedure
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PurposeThis book advances a framewo
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FormatIn each chapter, we share exa
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Outline of ChaptersThis book is div
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illustrations provide examples from
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AcknowledgmentsThis book could not
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Chapter 1 The Selection of a Resear
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by either the quantitative or quali
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Philosophical WorldviewsAlthough ph
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Reality and Lincoln and Guba’s (1
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Rorty (1990). There are many forms
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population by studying a sample of
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Convergent mixed methods is a form
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Research Approaches as Worldviews,
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Criteria for Selecting a Research A
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Personal ExperiencesResearchers’
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Writing Exercises1. Identify a rese
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Chapter 2 Review of the LiteratureB
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Actively elevating this topic to a
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The Literature ReviewOnce the resea
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has led to the need for the study,
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Design TechniquesRegardless of the
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On the Internet you can also go to
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and be cautious about whether they
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Briefly state information about the
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The Publication Manual of the Ameri
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few terms at the beginning though t
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Kinship Relationship to the Grandch
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Individual ReflectionSchon (1983) d
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A Quantitative or Mixed Methods Lit
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Writing Exercises1. Develop a liter
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Chapter 3 The Use of TheoryOne comp
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Testing Causal Claims in Quantitati
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Other types of variables provide a
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explains how people engage in ritua
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positive or negative valences that
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Placement of Quantitative TheoriesI
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promises (interpersonal trust), (c)
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Variation in Theory Use in Qualitat
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Our research tips on theory use in
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Mixed Methods Theory UseTheory use
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Rosenbaum’s experiments relating
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How this framework is integrated in
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Identifying the Research DesignDoes
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Identifying or Constructing Data Co
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informal social participation and c
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Gary Thomas presents a reasoned cri
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Writing the Proposal126
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Format for a Qualitative ProposalBe
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Format for a Quantitative ProposalF
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This format shows that the research
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Writing IdeasOver the years, John h
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The Habit of WritingEstablish the d
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Readability of the ManuscriptBefore
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Voice, Tense, and “Fat”From wor
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Ethical Issues to AnticipateIn addi
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Sources: Adapted from APA (2010); C
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Guarantee of confidentiality to the
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Collecting the DataRespect the site
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Analyzing the DataAvoid going nativ
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Keep raw data and other materials (
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comprehensive review of many topics
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Chapter 5 The IntroductionAfter hav
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An Abstract for a StudyAn abstract
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Qualitative, Quantitative, and Mixe
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Page 172 and 173: implications, and so forth.Discuss
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Page 178 and 179: Significance and Meaning of a Purpo
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Page 186 and 187: A Mixed Methods Purpose StatementMi
Page 188 and 189: Although these examples may not inc
Page 190 and 191: Writing Exercises1. Using the scrip
Page 192 and 193: Qualitative Research QuestionsIn a
Page 194 and 195: experiences of family, schooling, a
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Page 200 and 201: Descriptive Questions1. How do the
Page 202 and 203: Mixed Methods Research Questions an
Page 204 and 205: the beginning of each phase of her
Page 206 and 207: Chapter 8 Quantitative MethodsWe tu
Page 208 and 209: Components of a Survey Study Method
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Page 212 and 213: The Population and SampleIn the met
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Page 218 and 219: Data AnalysisIn the proposal, prese
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Page 224 and 225: ParticipantsReaders need to know ab
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Page 232 and 233: One-Group Pretest-Posttest DesignTh
Page 234 and 235: Alternative Treatment Posttest-Only
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Page 240 and 241: Solomon Four-Group DesignA special
Page 242 and 243: Threats to ValidityThere are severa
Page 244 and 245: Potential threats to external valid
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Page 248 and 249: Interpreting Results and Writing a
Page 250 and 251: ParticipantsA convenience sample of
Page 252 and 253: Writing Exercises1. Design a plan f
Page 254 and 255: Chapter 9 Qualitative MethodsQualit
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Page 260 and 261: The Researcher’s Role and Reflexi
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Data Recording ProceduresBefore ent
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the final report. This process is u
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studies go beyond description and t
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coding comes into play. These steps
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Validity and ReliabilityAlthough va
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independently. Proposal writers nee
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The Qualitative Research ParadigmTh
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The Ethnographic Research DesignThi
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Bounding the Study282
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ActorsThe informant in this study i
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ProcessesParticular attention will
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Data Collection StrategiesData will
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VerificationIn ensuring internal va
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Writing Exercises1. Write a plan fo
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Chapter 10 Mixed Methods Procedures
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procedures. It also can be an ideal
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Convergent Mixed Methods DesignDesc
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A final procedure involves merging
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Explanatory Sequential Mixed Method
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Exploratory Sequential Mixed Method
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explanatory sequential design.308
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research in which both quantitative
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quantitative and qualitative data.
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As is evident in our discussion, we
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For example, in a convergent design
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of the measures used to gather data
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How was this framework used? The au
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This handbook, edited by Abbas Tash
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is an estimate in quantitative rese
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Institutional review board (IRB)is
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Moderating variablesare variables i
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Qualitative validitymeans that the
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is a theory framework that research
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ReferencesAikin, M. C. (Ed.). (1992
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Campbell, D., & Stanley, J. (1963).
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Creswell, J. W., & Poth, C. N. (201
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Greene, J. C., & Caracelli, V. J. (
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Keppel, G. (1991). Design and analy
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Mertens, D. M. (2003). Mixed method
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Research, Counseling Psychology, an
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Sudduth, A. G. (1992). Rural hospit
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Yin, R. K. (2014). Case study resea
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Brown, M. L., 66, 182Bryman, A., 21
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Garvan, C. W., 129, 220, 240Gibbs,
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Leslie, L. L., 157Levitt, H., 78Lev
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Poth, C. N., 13, 182, 186, 188-189
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Wallnau, L. B., 158Wang, E. A., 231
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written reports, 203See also Mixed
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ethical issues, 90 (table), 94-95et
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code of ethics, 91data analysis, 90
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end points, 63literature reviews, 2
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Line graphs, 173Literature maps, 30
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feminism, 71-72participatory-social
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sample size, 186themes, 193Philosop
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worldviewQualitative methodsabout,
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single versus teams, 239Research me
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Social workers’ exposure to viole
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Two-tailed alpha value, 152, 163Typ
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Table of ContentsHalf TitleAcknowle
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