Creswell_Research_Design_ Qualitative Quantitative and Mixed Methods Approaches 2018 5th Ed

Moderating variables
are variables in quantitative research that moderate the effect of independent variables in a study. They
are variables created by the researcher who takes one independent variable times another (typically a
demographic variable) to construct a new independent variable.
Narrative hook
is a term drawn from English composition, meaning words that are used in the opening sentence of an
introduction that serve to draw, engage, or hook the reader into the study.
Narrative research
is a qualitative strategy in which the researcher studies the lives of individuals and asks one or more
individuals to provide stories about their lives. This information is then often retold or restoried by the
researcher into a narrative chronology.
Nondirectional hypothesis
in a quantitative study is one in which the researcher makes a prediction, but the exact form of
differences (e.g., higher, lower, more, or less) is not specified because the researcher does not know what
can be predicted from past literature.
Null hypothesis
in quantitative research represents the traditional approach to writing hypotheses: It makes a prediction
that, in the general population, no relationship or no significant difference exists between groups on a
variable.
Observational protocol
is a form used by a qualitative researcher for recording and writing down information while observing.
Phenomenological research
is a qualitative strategy in which the researcher identifies the essence of human experiences about a
phenomenon as described by participants in a study.
Postpositivists
reflect a deterministic philosophy about research in which causes probably determine effects or outcomes.
Thus, the problems studied by postpositivists reflect issues that need to identify and assess the causes that
influence the outcomes, such as found in experiments.
Pragmatism
as a worldview or philosophy arises out of actions, situations, and consequences rather than antecedent
conditions (as in postpositivism). There is a concern with applications—what works—and solutions to
problems. Instead of focusing on methods, researchers emphasize the research problem and use all
approaches available to understand it.
A purpose statement
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