Creswell_Research_Design_ Qualitative Quantitative and Mixed Methods Approaches 2018 5th Ed

Interpreting Results and Writing a Discussion Section
The final step in an experiment is to interpret the findings in light of the hypotheses or research questions and
to draft a discussion section. In this interpretation, address whether the hypotheses or questions were
supported or whether they were refuted. Consider whether the independent variable manipulation was
effective (a manipulation check measure can be helpful in this regard). Suggest why the results were
significant, or why they were not, linking the new evidence with past literature (Chapter 2), the theory used in
the study (Chapter 3), or persuasive logic that might explain the results. Address whether the results might
have been influenced by unique strengths of the approach, or weaknesses (e.g., threats to internal validity),
and indicate how the results might be generalized to certain people, settings, and times. Finally, indicate the
implications of the results, including implications for future research on the topic.
Example 8.6 is a description of an experimental method plan adapted from a value affirmation stress study
published by Creswell and colleagues (Creswell et al., 2005).
Example 8.6 An Experimental Method Plan
This study tested the hypothesis that thinking about one’s important personal values in a self-affirmation activity could buffer subsequent
stress responses to a laboratory stress challenge task. The specific study hypothesis was that the self-affirmation group, relative to the
control group, would have lower salivary cortisol stress hormone responses to a stressful performance task. Here we highlight a plan for
organizing the methodological approach for conducting this study. For a full description of the study methods and findings, see the
published paper (Creswell et al., 2005).
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