Creswell_Research_Design_ Qualitative Quantitative and Mixed Methods Approaches 2018 5th Ed

Qualitative validity
means that the researcher checks for the accuracy of the findings by employing certain procedures.
Quantitative hypotheses
are predictions the researcher makes about the expected relationships among variables.
Quantitative purpose statements
include the variables in the study and their relationship, the participants in a study, and the site for the
research. It also includes language associated with quantitative research and the deductive testing of
relationships or theories.
Quantitative research
is a means for testing objective theories by examining the relationship among variables. These variables
can be measured, typically on instruments, so that numbered data can be analyzed using statistical
procedures. The final written report has a set structure consisting of introduction, literature and theory,
methods, results, and discussion.
Quantitative research questions
are interrogative statements that raise questions about the relationships among variables that the
investigator seeks to answer.
Quasi-experiment
is a form of experimental research in which individuals are not randomly assigned to groups.
Random sampling
is a procedure in quantitative research for selecting participants. It means that each individual has an
equal probability of being selected from the population, ensuring that the sample will be representative of
the population.
Reflexivity
means that researchers reflect about their biases, values, and personal background, such as gender,
history, culture, and socioeconomic status, and how this background shapes their interpretations formed
during a study.
Reliability
refers to whether scores to items on an instrument are internally consistent (i.e., are the item responses
consistent across constructs?), stable over time (test-retest correlations), and whether there was
consistency in test administration and scoring.
Research approaches
are plans and the procedures for research that span the decisions from broad assumptions to detailed
methods of data collection and analysis. It involves the intersection of philosophical assumptions,
designs, and specific methods.
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