Creswell_Research_Design_ Qualitative Quantitative and Mixed Methods Approaches 2018 5th Ed

is a theory framework that researchers use in designs. This theory may inform many aspects of a study
from the issue, to the problem, the findings, and the final suggestions for revising the theory.
Statistical conclusion validity
arises when experimenters draw inaccurate inferences from the data because of inadequate statistical
power or the violation of statistical assumptions.
Statistical significance testing
reports an assessment as to whether the observed scores reflect a pattern other than chance. A statistical
test is considered to be of significance if the results are unlikely by chance to have occurred, and the null
hypothesis of “no effect” can be rejected.
Style manuals
provide guidelines for creating a scholarly style of a manuscript, such as a consistent format for citing
references, creating headings, presenting tables and figures, and using nondiscriminatory language.
Survey designs
provide plans for a quantitative or numeric description of trends, attitudes, or opinions of a population by
studying a sample of that population.
Survey research
provides a quantitative or numeric description of trends, attitudes, or opinions of a population by
studying a sample of that population.
Theoretical lens or perspective in qualitative research
provides an overall orienting lens that is used to study questions of gender, class, and race (or other issues
of marginalized groups). This lens becomes an advocacy perspective that shapes the types of questions
asked, informs how data are collected and analyzed, and provides a call for action or change.
Theories
in mixed methods research provide an orienting lens that shapes the types of questions asked, who
participates in the study, how data are collected, and the implications made from the study (typically for
change and advocacy). They present an overarching perspective used with research designs.
Theory in quantitative research
is the use of an interrelated set of constructs (or variables) formed into propositions, or hypotheses, that
specify the relationship among variables (typically in terms of magnitude or direction) and predicts the
outcomes of a study.
Theory use in mixed methods
studies may include theory deductively in quantitative theory testing and verification or inductively, as in
an emerging qualitative theory or pattern. It also has distinctive features of providing a framework within
which researchers collect, analyze, and integrate both quantitative and qualitative data. This framework
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