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132 THE DISTRIBUTOR’S LINK ROB LaPOINTE FASTENER SCIENCE: THE ROLE OF CARBON IN STEEL from page 90 Microstructure The microstructure of carbon steel is where the character of the steel is formed. Literally, the character or properties of the material arise from the atomic and molecular structures that assemble themselves by the balancing of electrical force with the actions of the atoms due to their thermal energy. This balancing act creates the crystal structure of the metal. To understand the crystal structure, or microstructure for iron-carbon alloys at different thermal energies, we rely on experimental and theoretical research that has been used to develop a kind of picture of the alloy at a variety of temperatures and amounts of carbon by weight percent. This picture is called an equilibrium phase diagram. Equilibrium phase diagrams represent the material’s uniform physical and chemical properties charted with respect to the materials composition and temperature. Figure 5 shows us an iron-carbon phase diagram. This phase diagram provides us with a tremendous amount of information about the structure and properties of carbon steel. A complete understanding of this diagram is beyond the scope of this article but focus on a few aspects of the diagram will serve to illustrate the properties of low alloy steel and the role carbon plays. Let’s begin our exploration of the iron-carbon phase diagram by considering the three structures that pure FIGURE 5 IRON-CARBON PHASE DIAGRAM. FIGURE 6 CRYSTAL STRUCTURES OF IRON. IRON ATOMS ARE PICTURED IN RED. iron can form as a crystal or solid. To orient yourself to the iron-carbon phase diagram (Figure 5), percent carbon is measured on the horizontal axis with 0% carbon on the left and ranging to 6.67% carbon on the right. Temperature is measured on the vertical axis with 0°C on the bottom and ranging up to approximately 1700°C on the top. Pure iron can be considered to have less than 0.008% carbon and is situated on the far left of the diagram. Along the left border of the diagram (Figure 5) we can see the three phases of pure carbon. Above a temperature of 1536°C (2798°F), iron is a liquid. As iron cools below 1536°C (2798°F), it solidifies into a solid called delta phase or delta iron (-Fe). The structure of -Fe is a body-centered cubic or BCC (Figure 6). In the body-centered cubic arrangement, an iron atom is at the center of the cube structure of iron atoms. As iron continues to cool it transforms its arrangement to a face-center cubic (FCC) at 1401°C (2554°F). This structure is called gamma iron (-Fe) or austinite. The FCC structure is denser than the BCC structure. Continued cooling below 911°C (1672°F) causes another change in the structure of iron to alpha iron (-Fe). Alpha iron, also known as ferrite, is a BCC structure like delta iron, but is a bit more compact. CONTINUED ON PAGE 158
To accommodate the significant growth in the past few years, Suncor Stainless Inc. is delighted to announce the newest addition to the Suncor® Stainless sales team, Michelle Newton, who is stepping into the role of Northeast Region Account Manager, comes to us with decades of experience in the Industrial, Construction, Oil & Gas, and Fastener markets with Stanley Black & Decker. She has worked in multiple regions, along the Gulf Coast as well as New England. You can contact her at mnewton@ suncorstainless.com - (508)-732-9191 x1002 Her in depth experience includes account management, customer service, and e-com sales, making her a great fit at Suncor Stainless. Michelle has led sales and marketing groups in various industries, markets, and regions throughout the U.S. We are excited to welcome Michelle to the Suncor family, and we are happy to say she has already hit the ground running in her new role. “I’m excited to take over the Northeast territory for Suncor Stainless and aligning with their exceptional values while providing outstanding customer service. My role will bring different challenges and allow me to work with new customers with an industry leading product line.” Suncor Stainless, Inc. is a leading manufacturer of stainless steel hardware in the industrial, marine, government, architectural, OEM and commercial industries. Suncor’s modern facilities manufacture an ever-expanding product line that has become one of the world’s most complete and highest quality sources for stainless steel chain, hardware, and custom parts. As an ISO 9001 certified company, you can trust that all Suncor® products and services will consistently meet customer and regulatory requirements. For more information contact Suncor Stainless at 70 Armstrong Road, Plymouth, MA 02360. Tel: 1-800-394-2222, Email: info@suncorstainless.com or visit them online at www.suncorstainless.com. THE DISTRIBUTOR’S LINK 133
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Star Stainless, a leading wholesale
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BARBAROTTO INT’L MACHINERY THE DI
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Page 118 and 119: MWFA PUTT SHACK EVENT OAKBROOK, IL
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Page 136 and 137: fastenerlinks THE DEFINITIVE WEB DI
Page 138 and 139: fastenerlinks BRINGING YOU THE FAST
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Page 174: advertisers index E E & T FASTENERS
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