Spain and the United States - Real Instituto Elcano

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CHAPTER 6 CULTURAL RELATIONS, IMAGE AND ANTI-AMERICANISM The growing importance of the Hispanic community in the United States and the concomitant rise in the learning of Spanish by non-Hispanics are engendering a substantial flow of cultural and educational relations and exchanges. Spanish is the most commonly taught foreign language in US secondary schools and universities, Spain is the third most popular country in the world after the United Kingdom and Italy for American students studying abroad, and the Fulbright programme, started in Spain in 1958, is today the third-largest in the world after Germany and Japan in terms of the budget allocated and the number of scholars going to the United States and Spain every year. Nevertheless, given these factors, as well as the shared history – Spain played a decisive role in the American Revolution (1775-1783) by fighting against Britain (see Chapter 1) –, it is striking how few Spanish institutions there are in the United States promoting Spanish language and culture, let alone countering the one-sided version of foreign participation in the Revolution. American schoolchildren learn about the Frenchman Gilbert du Montier, the Marquis of Lafayette, and how he fought in the Revolution against the British, but little or nothing about the Spaniard Bernardo de Gálvez, the governor of Louisiana, to name just one, whose troops seriously damaged British naval power in the Caribbean and the Gulf of Mexico and thus indirectly aided the rebel cause. In July 2002, 168 years after he died, the US Congress made Lafayette, an honorary citizen. 1 He is only one of six people to be given this distinction (another was Winston Churchill). All Gálvez has is a city in Texas named after him (Galveston). Gálvez has not been given his due, but other Spaniards have been rapturously received, notably the film director 1. Had this been left any longer it might well have not happened. In 2003, the French and US governments fell out in a big way over Iraq, whose American-led invasion President Chirac refused to support.
106 SPAIN AND THE UNITED STATES Pedro Almodóvar, who has won two Oscars and whose “Talk To Her” (2002) was named by Time magazine the best film of the decade so far. Another rising star in the United States is the tennis player Rafael Nadal (19), who won the 2005 French Open in his first Grand Slam final. The United States Tennis Association hired Nadal in 2005 to promote its tournaments, culminating in the US Open. The Spanish cultural presence in the United States basically consists of the Cervantes Institute, the state-owned institution founded in 1991 for the teaching of Spanish abroad and promoting knowledge of the cultures of Spanish-speaking countries, which has centres in New York, Albuquerque and Chicago. All the flags of Latin American nations, Puerto Rico and Spain are on show in the entrance to these centres and not just the Spanish flag which would lead to accusations of cultural imperialism. The Cervantes Institute offers a Spanish diploma in foreign language which is valid worldwide (like the TOFEL certificate in English or the DELF in French). New York has two private institutions: the Queen Sofía Spanish Institute (established in 1954) and The Hispanic Society of America (founded in 1904 by Archer Milton Huntington). The Meadows Museum in Dallas houses one of the largest and most comprehensive collections of Spanish art outside of Spain, with works dating from the 10th to the 20th century. It includes paintings by El Greco, Velázquez, Ribera, Murillo, Goya, Miró, and Picasso. The museum's collection of Spanish art and the galleries for its display were a gift to Southern Methodist University from Algur Hurtle Meadows (1899-1978), a prominent Dallas businessman and founder of the General American Oil Company of Texas. During the 1950s business took Meadows frequently to Madrid, where repeated visits to the Prado Museum inspired what would become a lasting interest in the art of Spain's Golden Age. There is nothing in Washington DC, the seat of government, apart from a cultural attaché. There is a proposal to turn the former residence of the Spanish ambassador into a Cervantes Institute but it is unlikely to happen as the cost is high and there are other competing cities. 2 Spain’s Patrimonio Nacional, which administers the properties formerly vested in the Crown but now belonging to the Spanish State, began to collaborate with US museums in 2004, when it loaned works to the Seattle Art Museum for the “Spain in the Age of Exploration” exhibition. Patrimonio was keen to do this because the Northwest is one of the places in the United States where Spain’s historical legacy still asserts itself in place names. Under a 2. A Cervantes Institute in Washington would be an ideal location for Josef Perovani’s full-length portrait of George Washington, which was painted in 1796 and immediately shipped to Manuel Godoy, Spain’s powerful Secretary of State. The portrait remained in the back rooms of the Royal Academy of Fine Arts in Madrid throughout the 19th century and was not mentioned in Spanish historical art literature until 1918. See The Portrait of George Washington by Josef Perovani, by Isadora Rose-de Viejo (Ediciones El Viso, 1998).
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Published by the Real Instituto Elc
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS This is the third
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CONTENTS Preface ..................
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PREFACE Once again, our long-time c
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CHAPTER 1 OVERVIEW Had it not been
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OVERVIEW 13 French of more than two
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OVERVIEW 15 committed Protestant, a
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OVERVIEW 17 money was used to purch
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OVERVIEW 19 Later, the runway at Ro
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OVERVIEW 21 a much more balanced re
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OVERVIEW 23 The position of the Eis
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OVERVIEW 25 The first such school i
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OVERVIEW 27 significant proportion.
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OVERVIEW 29 3,631 in 2003 (the four
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OVERVIEW 31 forces were not happy a
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OVERVIEW 33 It is fair to say that,
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OVERVIEW 35 sovereign Basque state)
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OVERVIEW 37 by those countries for
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OVERVIEW 39 was the main instigator
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OVERVIEW 41 magnitude needed in a
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OVERVIEW 43 The Spanish decision in
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OVERVIEW 45 There was a flurry of v
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