Spain and the United States - Real Instituto Elcano

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92 SPAIN AND THE UNITED STATES second-largest US city (population 3.7 million), elected in May 2005 its first Hispanic mayor in more than 130 years, 2 the first commander of US troops in Iraq, Lieutenant General Ricardo Sanchez, was Hispanic, and the US ambassador to Spain, Eduardo Aguirre, is of Cuban origin. In order to court the Hispanic vote during election campaigns, non-Spanish speaking politicians of all colours, including George W. Bush, have to be able to muster a few words in Spanish. Robert Souro, director of the Pew Hispanic Centre, summed up well the increasing importance of the Hispanic community when he said Hispanics have gone from being a footnote to a paragraph in contemporary US history and are on their way to becoming a major chapter. Exhibit 5.1 Fastest-Growing Population Groups in the United States The rise in Hispanics in the United States has been inexorable. In 1968, long before Hispanics became the largest ethnic minority, Congress authorized President Lyndon B. Johnson to proclaim a week in September as National Hispanic Heritage Week. The observance was expanded as of 1988 to a monthlong celebration (Sept. 15-Oct. 15). September 15 was chosen as the starting point for the celebration because it is the anniversary of independence of five Latin American countries: Costa Rica, El Salvador, Guatemala, Honduras and Nicaragua. In addition, Mexico and Chile celebrate their independence days on September 16 and September 18, respectively. The Mexican writer Carlos Fuentes has called the surge in the number of Hispanics “the silent reconquest”. Mexico lost almost all of Texas, New Mexico, Arizona, California, Nevada and Utah as a result of the Texan War of 2. The last Hispanic mayor was Cristóbal Aguilar in 1872, when the population of Los Angeles was around 5,000.
THE HISPANIC COMMUNITY 93 Independence in 1835-36 and the Mexican-American War of 1846-48. In the 1970 census, when the term “Hispanic” was first used, there were 9.6 million. In 1990, the number (22.3 million) exceeded immigrants from all of Asia and Europe. In 2000 those from Mexico alone outnumbered all those from Europe and Canada or from Asia, Africa and the Middle East combined. The Hispanic population is forecast to rise by 67 million to 102 million between 2000 and 2050, doubling its share of the total population to 25% (see Exhibit 5.2). During the same period, the white non-Hispanic population will increase by 14.6 million to 210.3 million, the Asian population by 22.7 million to 33.4 million and the African-American population by 25.6 million to 61.4 million. Exhibit 5.2 US Population, 2000 and 2050 (% of Total) The intellectual author of the term “Hispanic” was a Mexican, Gracia Flores-Hughes, who felt the generic name Latino was wrong or unnecessarily broad, since it included Italians. Little by little, both terms have been introduced on an equal basis in the mass media, politics and the arts. These terms, however, embrace a community that is far from the “mistaken stereotype of a monolithic world with interests that are fully shared, interchangeable and coinciding.” 3 The Hispanic community is very heterogeneous: it comprises mainly Mexicans (67%), but also significant numbers from Puerto Rico, Cuba, the Dominican Republic, Central America and the Andean countries. President Vicente Fox of Mexico once said that he was the president of a country with 127 million inhabitants: 100 million in Mexico and 27 million in the United States. The Hispanic population is concentrated primarily in a dozen of the 50 states, although there are pockets of them in almost every state (see Exhibit 5.3). According to the 2000 census, 44.2% of Hispanics lived in the West, 34.8% in the South, 7.7% in the Midwest and 13.3% in the Northeast. 3. See Spain and the Hispanics: A Strategic Project, by Emilio Cassinello, (Elcano Royal Institute, Working Paper 64, 2004, www.realinstitutoelcano.org/documentos/162.asp).
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Published by the Real Instituto Elc
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS This is the third
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CONTENTS Preface ..................
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PREFACE Once again, our long-time c
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CHAPTER 1 OVERVIEW Had it not been
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OVERVIEW 13 French of more than two
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OVERVIEW 15 committed Protestant, a
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OVERVIEW 17 money was used to purch
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OVERVIEW 19 Later, the runway at Ro
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OVERVIEW 21 a much more balanced re
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OVERVIEW 23 The position of the Eis
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OVERVIEW 25 The first such school i
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OVERVIEW 27 significant proportion.
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OVERVIEW 29 3,631 in 2003 (the four
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OVERVIEW 31 forces were not happy a
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OVERVIEW 33 It is fair to say that,
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OVERVIEW 35 sovereign Basque state)
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OVERVIEW 37 by those countries for
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