Spain and the United States - Real Instituto Elcano

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44 SPAIN AND THE UNITED STATES Apart from Iraq, the other differences were over Cuba and Venezuela, two areas where the previous government was in full agreement with US policy. The Socialists successfully spearheaded efforts for the EU to restore normal diplomatic relations with Cuba in January 2005, ratified in June despite the lack of progress in human rights. 46 The EU reduced high-level governmental visits and participation in cultural events in Cuba in 2003 after the summary execution by firing squad of three people who had hijacked a ferry in an attempt to escape the country and the roundup of 75 dissidents. EU countries also decided to invite dissidents to national holiday celebrations at their embassies in Havana as a sign of support for the regime’s opponents. This produced the so-called “cocktail wars”. Castro retaliated by freezing out embassies from all official contacts. EU ambassadors in Havana became known as “Findus ambassadors”, after the frozen food producer, as they had little to do. The Spanish government came to the conclusion that the previous policy was getting nowhere and, meanwhile, the post-Castro period was inevitably drawing nearer. Spain contends that Cuba’s future will be decided within the country and not in Miami, the home of most exiles, or in Washington. As regards Venezuela, the Spanish government’s decision to sell ten C-295 transport planes, four coastal patrol corvettes and four smaller coastguard patrol boats to the government of Hugo Chávez was fiercely criticised by Donald Rumsfeld. Washington was deeply concerned about Chávez’s arms build-up, which included the purchase of weapons and equipment from Russia and Brazil. Strictly speaking, Spain’s sale was not of arms and was defended by José Luis Rodríguez Zapatero, the prime minister, on the grounds that the purpose of the deal was to fight terrorism. Furthermore, US criticism of the deal looked rather hollow when José Bono, the defence minister, revealed to the Spanish parliament that the previous government had sold guns, grenades and anti-riot gear to Chávez between 2000 and 2003 and Washington raised no concerns. Nevertheless, despite the differences, the fundamentals of the relationship between Spain and the United States are solid. For example, the flow of exchanges between intelligence services and law enforcement agencies remains strong as a result of both countries suffering major terrorist attacks. New extradition and justice cooperation agreements were signed during 2005. 46. Spain’s relations with Cuba have long been a sore point with US administrations. Even the staunchly anti-communist General Franco maintained full diplomatic relations with the country and traded with it. The Lyndon Johnson administration (1963-69) was particularly critical of Spain’s purchases of Cuban sugar. In May 2005, Castro’s brother Raúl, the regime’s “number two”, was warmly received in Galicia, where his parents were born, by Manuel Fraga, at that time the region’s premier and a former information and tourism minister under Franco.
OVERVIEW 45 There was a flurry of visits by the foreign, interior, defence, justice, education and health ministries during the first half of the year. One of the premises of the previous government’s closer alignment with US foreign policy was that a stronger political relationship would eventually spur the trade and investment relationship. Given the Socialists profound disagreement with US policy in Iraq, this begs the question of whether their stance will affect US-Spanish trade and investment ties. The first potential avenue along which the economic relationship might deteriorate is the area of public procurement and the military sectors, but there were no signs of this happening. Some Spanish companies, notably Cintra, were awarded very large public works projects in the United States during the Socialists’ first year in office (see Chapter 3), while the deal for the Spanish branch of EADS-CASA to sell planes to the US Coast Guard, signed in February 2004, one month before the electoral upset in Spain, has proceeded apace.
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