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<strong>true</strong> <strong>hallucinations</strong>.<strong>htm</strong><br />
is illuminated, the entire image is present. One can do this again and again: the holograph is made up of a nearly infinite number of tiny<br />
images, each of which in combination with its fellows presents one image.<br />
This "holographic" aspect of memory has been assumed to be of central importance by such thinkers as David Bohm and Karl Pri-bram. But it<br />
was Dennis and I who went so far as to suggest that this form of organization could be extended beyond the brain to include the cosmos at<br />
large.<br />
Quantum physics makes similar pronouncements when it states that the electron is not somewhere or sometime; it is a cloud of probabilities<br />
and that is all one can say about it. A similar quality adheres to my idea of time and the comparison of time to an object. If time is an object,<br />
then the obvious question to be asked is what is the smallest duration relevant to physical processes? The scientific approach would be to keep<br />
dividing time into still smaller increments in order to find out if a discrete unit exists. What one is looking for by doing this is a chronon, or a<br />
particle of time. I believe the chronon exists, but it is not distinct from the atom. Atomic systems are chronons; atoms are simply far more<br />
complicated than had been suspected. I believe that atoms have undescribed properties that can account not only for the properties of matter,<br />
but for the behavior of space/time as well.<br />
Chronons may not be reducible to atoms, but I suspect that what we will find is a wave/particle that composes matter, space/ time, and energy.<br />
The chronon is more complicated than the classical Heisenberg/Bohr description of atomic systems. The chronon has properties that make it<br />
uniquely capable of functioning as a<br />
fundamental constituent of a universe within which minds and organisms arise. So far we have been unable to define the dynamic properties<br />
that would allow a particle to participate as a necessary part of a living or thinking organism. Even a bacterium like E. coli is a staggering<br />
accomplishment for the atom of Heisenberg and Bohr.<br />
The Heisenberg/Bohr model allows us to simulate the physical universe of stars, galaxies, and quasars; but it doesn't explain organisms or<br />
mind. We have to overlay that atomic model with different qualities in order to represent more complex phenomena. We must imagine an<br />
atom with new parameters if we wish to understand how we could exist, how thinking, tool-using, human beings could arise out of the<br />
universal substratum.<br />
I don't claim to have done this yet. But I do believe that I have stumbled upon an intellectual avenue that could be followed to achieve this<br />
understanding. The key lies in cycles of temporal variables nested in hierarchical structures, which generate various kinds of fractal<br />
relationships unfolding toward often surprising kinds of closure.<br />
The person who has laid the most firm foundation for understanding this sort of notion philosophically is Alfred North Whitehead. Nothing<br />
we have suggested is beyond the power of his method to anticipate. Whitehead's formalism accounts for minds and organisms and a number<br />
of phenomena poorly resolved by the Cartesian approach.<br />
Other visionary thinkers are probing these areas. Chaotic at-tractor dynamics is the idea that any process can be related through a<br />
mathematical equation to any other process simply by virtue of all processes being part of a common class. The overthrow of a dictator, the<br />
explosion of a star, the fertilization of an egg—all should be describable through one set of terms.<br />
The most promising development in this area has been the emergence of the new evolutionary paradigm of Ilya Prigogine and Erich Jantsch.<br />
Their work has achieved nothing less than a new ordering principle in nature—the discovery and mathematical description of dissipative selforganization<br />
as a creative principle underlying the dynamics of an open and multi-leveled reality. Dissipative structures work their miracle of<br />
generating and preserving<br />
order through fluctuations—fluctuations whose ultimate ground is in quantum mechanical indeterminacy.<br />
If you had a perfect understanding of the universe, you would be able, by applying this insight, to tell a man how much change was in his<br />
pocket. Since this amount is an accomplished fact, it would be, at least in principle, possible to calculate. What is important is to understand<br />
the <strong>true</strong> boundaries of reality, not the probable boundaries of possible future events. Although boundary conditions operate on the future, they<br />
are probabilistic constraints, not absolutely determined fact. We assume that ten minutes hence, the room we are in will still exist. It is a<br />
boundary condition that will define the next ten minutes in our space/time coordinate. But we cannot know who will be in the room ten<br />
minutes hence; that is free to be determined.<br />
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