SDI Convergence - Global Spatial Data Infrastructure Association

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BMT classes, which contain all information required to derive both IMGeo and TOP10NL data. Fourthly, we recommend moving all information down to BMT to avoid extra data acquisition for derived datasets. This implies that all attributes of the IMGeo and TOP10NL objects are derived, except the Identifier and other system attributes not shown in Figure 6. In IMTOP the classes at smaller scales can have extra attributes which are only valid (and collected) for the specific scale. Our BMT approach also slightly differs with the i(integration)-classes as identified in the multi-representation approach of Friis-Christensen and Jensen (2003). The i-classes only contain attributes that are valid in the corresponding classes, as the super classes for IMTOP. Figure 6: Concept of PartofRoad, modelled in integrated model topography. IMGEO::PartOfRoad +/ relativeHeigthLevel: Integer +/ typeOfInfrastructure: TypeOfInfrastructure BMT::PartOfRoad +liesBelow 0..* + numberOfLanes: Integer [0..1] + typeOfRoad: RoadType + roadNumber: CharacterString [0..*] + physicalAppearance: PhysicalAppearanceRoad [0..*] + geometryLine: GM_Curve [0..1] +liesAbove + geometryPoint: GM_Point [0..1] 0..* + geometrySurface: GM_Surface [0..1] + centerPoint: GM_Point [0..1] + separateLanes: Boolean + centerLine: GM_Curve [0..1] + mainTrafficUsage: MainTrafficUsage [0..*] + typeOfRoad: RoadType [1..*] + widthOfPavement: Real [0..1] + isGrouldLevel: Boolean + typeOfPavement: TypeOfPavement +derivedFrom +derivedFrom «FeatureType» TOP10NL::PartOfRoad +/ geometryLine: GM_Curve [0..1] +/ geometryPoint: GM_Point [0..1] +/ geometrySurface: GM_Surface [0..1] +/ centerPoint: GM_Point [0..1] +/ centerLine: GM_Curve [0..1] +/ mainTrafficUsage: MainTrafficUsage [0..*] +/ heightLevel: Integer +/ typeOfRoad: RoadType [1..*] +/ widthOfPavement: Real [0..1] +/ typeOfPavement: TypeOfPavement Finally, we recommend relationships (liesAbove and liesBelow) and the Boolean attribute IsGroundLevel to every BMT class (as shown in Figure 6) to derive both the relativeHeight and heightlevel attributes required for IMGeo respectively TOP10NL. Consequently both the IMGeo and the TOP10NL implementation of topology can be derived from BMT. 103
Figure 7: Modelling sport area as BMT class and derived classes in IMGeo and TOP10NL. 104 «enumeration» IMGEO::TypeOfTerrain forest grass nature and landscape culture land other green object industrial terrain uncultivated terrain courtyard area with plants recreational area sport terrain bank 4. CONCLUSIONS «FeatureType» IMGEO::Terrain + terrainType: TypeOfTerrain «FeatureType» BMT::SportArea «FeatureType» TOP10NL::FunctionalArea + functionOfArea: FunctionOfArea «enumeration» TOP10NL::FunctionOfArea sport area/sport complex caravan park In this article we studied requirements and possibilities to harmonise and integrate two independently established information models topography. The harmonisation and integration consists of several steps. At first we identified types of differences that have to be addressed. Apart from these differences, four other conclusions from this comparison study are important for harmonising and integrating the two models. Firstly, for many differences it is not clear whether they are random (i.e. easy to harmonise) or fundamental (i.e. to be addressed in the integration). This requires further study. Secondly, because not all information is defined in the models, datasets compliant to the models may be implemented with different ‘flavours’. These ambiguities are unwanted when reusing data of other domains in SDIs. Therefore an important recommendation is to make information on the content and meaning of data as much as possible explicit in the information models. Thirdly, two information models topography are necessary to meet the specific demands of the two domains, i.e. maintenance of public area and visualisation at scale 1:10k. Finally TOP10NL cannot be derived from IMGeo, because the application domain of these two large scale data sets determines the different perspectives on topography rather than scale does. At large scales (also valid for scale 1:10k) objects can be represented with their true geometries, and therefore harmonisation and integration is mainly a schema matching problem. At the smaller scales, symbolisation causes objects to be altered with respect to reality. Consequently at smaller scales harmonisation and integration becomes merely a multi-scale problem, i.e. how can a dataset be converted into a dataset with fewer details. Based on the conclusions, the article formulated recommendations to harmonise the differences and presented modelling principles to define an integrated model topogra-
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GSDI Global Spatial Data Infrastruc
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SDI Convergence Research, Emerging
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Table of Contents Foreword vii Peer
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Foreword This book is the result of
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Spatial Data Infrastructure Converg
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SDIs are not for free, and thus nee
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gional level specific and complete
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management issues. They do not foll
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esses (scenario 5b in Figure 1) req
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implements the SDI concept. INSPIRE
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cluded. Map functions refer to pop-
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The toolbar at the top of the map a
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18 Figure 5: Technical implementati
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Development and Deployment of a Ser
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the development of the services off
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Web Applications Services Aplicatio
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Figure 2: ISO 19119 elements for se
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means of their capabilities informa
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- Column Nr_dc (and its associated
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Nebert D., Whiteside A. and P. Vret
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of the four essential parts of a su
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2.1.2 ICT standards web services Fo
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model (see Figure 3). The four comp
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4. FINANCIAL MODELS 4.1 Cost models
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5. Hybrid models: These are models
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4.4 Price strategies Apart from the
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6. CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS
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MICUS Management Consulting GmbH (2
Page 62 and 63: Standard Licences for Geographic In
Page 64 and 65: 3. PHASE I: EUROPEAN CONTEXT AND AC
Page 66 and 67: The reuse of public sector informat
Page 68 and 69: (c) free copies or privileged acces
Page 70 and 71: The ‘Guidelines on the use of geo
Page 72 and 73: Legal Simcity; Legislative Maps and
Page 74 and 75: Figure 1: Result set showing protec
Page 76 and 77: Figure 3: Detailed text-to-map retr
Page 78 and 79: (Simple Knowledge Organization Syst
Page 80 and 81: Legal Atlas approach, except for pe
Page 82 and 83: Furthermore, we pointed out that th
Page 84 and 85: Power and Privacy: the Use of LBS i
Page 86 and 87: for these needs by increasing the q
Page 88 and 89: TARGET [citizen(s)] 3.2.2 Citizens
Page 90 and 91: tionship with the citizen-subject.
Page 92 and 93: 4.4 European case law 4.4.1 Rotaru
Page 94 and 95: Without prejudice to the general da
Page 96: Taylor, J.A., A.M.B. Lips and J. Or
Page 99 and 100: these datasets. Afflerbach et al. (
Page 101 and 102: gration can be realised. This secti
Page 103 and 104: 94 Table 2: Main classes in NEN3610
Page 105 and 106: 96 Table 3: Slightly different attr
Page 107 and 108: grassy area in TOP10NL data (right)
Page 109 and 110: Figure 3: IMGeo roads (a) and TOP10
Page 111: 3.2 Recommendations for integrating
Page 115 and 116: Stoter, J.E., Morales, J.M., Lemmen
Page 117 and 118: SDI. This evaluation, as well as an
Page 119 and 120: ConsultCo now executes their geocod
Page 121 and 122: 4.1 The Catalogue 112 Figure 2: Obj
Page 123 and 124: 114 Figure 3: The address data cata
Page 125 and 126: multiple data services or resources
Page 127 and 128: 6. CONCLUSION We presented a scenar
Page 129 and 130: OGC OGF (2007). Memorandum of Under
Page 131 and 132: the identification, the extent, the
Page 133 and 134: integration of metadata and spatial
Page 135 and 136: 126 Category Criteria Technical Sta
Page 137 and 138: cords as required. The application
Page 139 and 140: element in the metadata record. Thi
Page 141 and 142: 132 Category Criteria Technical Sta
Page 143 and 144: MET designers should focus greatly
Page 145 and 146: 136
Page 147 and 148: lative effects of activities on the
Page 149 and 150: fication both of data and models. T
Page 151 and 152: study described in the next section
Page 153 and 154: tionality. Themes are ‘map view
Page 155 and 156: 146 Figure 5: Registration screen f
Page 157 and 158: As the research progresses more fee
Page 159 and 160: Pettit, C., W. Cartwright, I. D. Bi
Page 161 and 162: Over the last few years, important
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- the Regional Topographic Database
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- the attributes of each of these t
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5. METADATA MANAGER For metadata cr
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160
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In the business management literatu
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To use this strategy, effective con
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whether the financial support is fr
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pation and control of their own qua
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With respect to this description, t
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Huarng, F. and Y.T. Chen (2002). Re
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174
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(GPS) devices have changed the natu
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equired to know which properties th
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The first phase of the EcoGeo Proje
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Adding a ne w organisation in the p
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6. CONCLUSIONS AND FUTURE WORK The
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Goodchild, M. (1995). “Geographic
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188
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2. APPLICATION OF SPATIAL INFORMATI
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a set of simple tools and applicati
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Russia is just at the beginning in
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to explore appropriate services for
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Nevertheless it can be stated that,
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REFERENCES Abdulharis, R., van Loen
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Brazil http://www.gisdevelopment.ne
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204
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vertical integration of multiple le
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went from being “nice to have”
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Approximately 59% of LGAs indicated
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Variables 212 Table 2: Variables th
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5. DISCUSSION AND IMPLICATIONS FOR
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Giff, G. (2006). "The value of perf
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Warnest, M., A. Rajabifard and I.P.
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programme. Nevertheless the term 'S
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This distinction is also reflected
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several decades or more. In essence
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to play a larger part in the develo
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Masser, I. (2005). GIS Worlds: crea
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Studies of cooperation as a subject
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232 Figure 1: The ‘SDI-based netw
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Questions of SDI are strongly integ
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This leads to the conclusion that w
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Brunsson, N. (2006). The organizati
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However, current SDI design focuses
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242 Figure 1: Marine and coastal ma
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244 Figure 3: Issues and challenges
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emerged in response to a global rea
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The OGC/TC 211 implementation speci
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Results from European Spatial Data
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Nebert , D.D. (ed.) (2004). Develop
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The article begins by outlining the
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4. INITIAL RESPONSES TO THE RRRs CH
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cluded a qualitative and quantitati
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As an example the ‘Spatial and Te
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Dale, P., and McLaughlin, J.D. (198
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Van Oosterom, P.J.M., Lemmen, C.H.J
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each stakeholder can access, use, a
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elow (Rajabifard et al., 2003a). Ho
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3.3 Evolution Theory and SDI Evolut
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spread of a new idea from its sourc
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institutional complexities. This is
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with existing institutional arrange
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Hofstede, G. and G.J. Hofstede (200
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