SDI Convergence - Global Spatial Data Infrastructure Association

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uses this model to finance large-scale datasets. The Data-For-Data Model can be combined with the Street Performer Model if a participant donates money instead of data. 4.3 Summary of revenue models Table 4 provides a summary of the various revenue models, their advantages and disadvantages and their suitability to various web services. Table 4: Revenue models with pros, cons, and their suitability to web services. Model Advantages Disadvantages Suitable for Subscription Model - Certainty of regular revenue - Adaptable to users - Lock-in of users - Suitable for click-through licences Usage Model - User-pay system, only pay for actual usage - Suitable for ad hoc users - Suitable for click-through licences Royalty Model - Suitable for experimentation / innovation platform - Low accessibility - May generate long term indirect revenue for VA products Free Model - Low accessibility - Indirect revenue (better informed citizen, more effective policy) - May generate long term indirect revenue for VA products - Suitable for click-through licences (if still required) Hybrid Models - Community Model - Enticement Model - Street Performer Model - User is closely involved (feedback, quality control) - Improvement of service / user friendliness - Encourages experimentation / innovation platform - Lures potential users - Lock-in of users - Financing service is done upfront - Unlimited use for donors / participants - Not popular with consumers - Only suitable for specialised data that is required frequently - Only suitable when access is more important than possession - Need mechanisms to deal with small payments - Pricing may be prohibitive for large quantities - Pricing mechanism complex when combined with other web services - Uncertainty of revenue (amount, time) - Must monitor progress of experimenters - No revenue from consumers - Nor suitable for clickthrough licences - No direct or immediate revenue - May be in breach with national Fair Trade Legislation - No direct or immediate revenue (unless combined with another model) - No direct or immediate revenue (unless combined with another model) - Donors / participants must be known and willing to donate in advance - Dependant on good reputation of producer - WMS - WFS / WCS - DS - WMS - WFS / WCS - DS - WMS - WFS / WCS - DS - WMS - WFS / WCS - DS - WMS - WFS / WCS - DS - WMS - DS - WMS - WFS / WCS - DS 45
4.4 Price strategies Apart from the Revenue Models described above, price discrimination can be applied as well. The British welfare economist A. C. Pigou described as early as in 1920 a pricing theory, which included price discrimination (Pigou, 1920). Price discrimination can only be applied in a limited fashion by the public sector, as the PSI Directive does not allow that a public sector body distinguishes between different groups of users using the data for similar purposes. It may be possible to offer rural GI cheaper than urban GI because the latter is more dynamic and needs to be updated more frequently (Longhorn and Blakemore, 2008). In addition, there may be more need for urban information, i.e. a larger market segment. Another form of price discrimination that may be applied, is offering volume discounts but the volume price is the same for everybody. An example would be to decrease the unit price per hectare when a larger area is selected, e.g. as applied to the Automatisierten Liegenschaftkarte (ALK) in North Rhine Westphalia, Germany. Alternatively, a time-based approach could be employed, e.g. charging a higher fee for more timely weather information products, or charging a lower fee for usage outside normal business hours. In the last couple of years there appears to be a trend that large scale PSGI is coming down in price, because either it was too expensive for the private sector or the prices created barriers to effective reuse within the public sector. With prices being lowered, the number of (re)users is increasing, so the actual total revenue may even go up. Recent examples are found in Austria, Netherlands and Spain. The Austrian Federal Office of Meteorology and Surveying (BEV) have significantly reduced their fees for their PSGI. For instance, the fee for the cartographic model was reduced by 93% and usage went up by 200-1500%, and the digital cadastral map went down by 97% and usage up by 250%. The majority of new users are small to medium enterprises (Schennach, 2008). In the Netherlands, the so-called New Map of the Netherlands (NMN) has been available online with a Creative Commons licence since January 2006 (see www.nieuwekaart.nl). The NMN offers a complete overview of planned spatial developments and functional changes in the Netherlands. Before the NMN became available free of charge, about 20 datasets were sold. Since then, the number of discrete reusers - both from the public and the private sector - downloading the NMN on a regular basis have stabilised to around 200 (Nirov, 2007). The Spanish Cadastre made the complete cadastral map of Spain available on the internet in March 2003. An analysis of the impact of free access to spatial data in Catalonia demonstrated that such initiative is highly profitable to public institutions, by saving a lot of time, simplifying processes and making optimal use of the available information. The impact on private companies is also positive (MICUS, 2008a). 5. SUMMARY OF BUSINESS MODELS Since the development and operational costs of web services are in general high and the distribution costs low, the underlying business model and financial model must be carefully considered. For public sector bodies the costs of web services will be relatively lower due to their economies of scale. Data often is already available as they are often the holder of such data, and personnel often can be drawn from ICT departments. However, some major aspects still have to be addressed. The web service should be designed with a clear vision. The STOF Model offers a useful framework to address key components. Firstly, the service component must be addressed. Aspects such as intended users (other public sector bodies, private sector), which functionalities the web service should have, should be considered. Once a type 46
Page 1 and 2:
GSDI Global Spatial Data Infrastruc
Page 4 and 5: SDI Convergence Research, Emerging
Page 6 and 7: Table of Contents Foreword vii Peer
Page 8 and 9: Foreword This book is the result of
Page 10 and 11: Spatial Data Infrastructure Converg
Page 12 and 13: SDIs are not for free, and thus nee
Page 14 and 15: gional level specific and complete
Page 16: management issues. They do not foll
Page 19 and 20: esses (scenario 5b in Figure 1) req
Page 21 and 22: implements the SDI concept. INSPIRE
Page 23 and 24: cluded. Map functions refer to pop-
Page 25 and 26: The toolbar at the top of the map a
Page 27 and 28: 18 Figure 5: Technical implementati
Page 30 and 31: Development and Deployment of a Ser
Page 32 and 33: the development of the services off
Page 34 and 35: Web Applications Services Aplicatio
Page 36 and 37: Figure 2: ISO 19119 elements for se
Page 38 and 39: means of their capabilities informa
Page 40 and 41: - Column Nr_dc (and its associated
Page 42: Nebert D., Whiteside A. and P. Vret
Page 45 and 46: of the four essential parts of a su
Page 47 and 48: 2.1.2 ICT standards web services Fo
Page 49 and 50: model (see Figure 3). The four comp
Page 51 and 52: 4. FINANCIAL MODELS 4.1 Cost models
Page 53: 5. Hybrid models: These are models
Page 57 and 58: 6. CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS
Page 59 and 60: MICUS Management Consulting GmbH (2
Page 62 and 63: Standard Licences for Geographic In
Page 64 and 65: 3. PHASE I: EUROPEAN CONTEXT AND AC
Page 66 and 67: The reuse of public sector informat
Page 68 and 69: (c) free copies or privileged acces
Page 70 and 71: The ‘Guidelines on the use of geo
Page 72 and 73: Legal Simcity; Legislative Maps and
Page 74 and 75: Figure 1: Result set showing protec
Page 76 and 77: Figure 3: Detailed text-to-map retr
Page 78 and 79: (Simple Knowledge Organization Syst
Page 80 and 81: Legal Atlas approach, except for pe
Page 82 and 83: Furthermore, we pointed out that th
Page 84 and 85: Power and Privacy: the Use of LBS i
Page 86 and 87: for these needs by increasing the q
Page 88 and 89: TARGET [citizen(s)] 3.2.2 Citizens
Page 90 and 91: tionship with the citizen-subject.
Page 92 and 93: 4.4 European case law 4.4.1 Rotaru
Page 94 and 95: Without prejudice to the general da
Page 96: Taylor, J.A., A.M.B. Lips and J. Or
Page 99 and 100: these datasets. Afflerbach et al. (
Page 101 and 102: gration can be realised. This secti
Page 103 and 104: 94 Table 2: Main classes in NEN3610
Page 105 and 106:
96 Table 3: Slightly different attr
Page 107 and 108:
grassy area in TOP10NL data (right)
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Figure 3: IMGeo roads (a) and TOP10
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3.2 Recommendations for integrating
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Figure 7: Modelling sport area as B
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Stoter, J.E., Morales, J.M., Lemmen
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SDI. This evaluation, as well as an
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ConsultCo now executes their geocod
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4.1 The Catalogue 112 Figure 2: Obj
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114 Figure 3: The address data cata
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multiple data services or resources
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6. CONCLUSION We presented a scenar
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OGC OGF (2007). Memorandum of Under
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the identification, the extent, the
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integration of metadata and spatial
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126 Category Criteria Technical Sta
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cords as required. The application
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element in the metadata record. Thi
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132 Category Criteria Technical Sta
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MET designers should focus greatly
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136
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lative effects of activities on the
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fication both of data and models. T
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study described in the next section
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tionality. Themes are ‘map view
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146 Figure 5: Registration screen f
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As the research progresses more fee
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Pettit, C., W. Cartwright, I. D. Bi
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Over the last few years, important
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- the Regional Topographic Database
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- the attributes of each of these t
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5. METADATA MANAGER For metadata cr
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160
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In the business management literatu
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To use this strategy, effective con
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whether the financial support is fr
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pation and control of their own qua
Page 179 and 180:
With respect to this description, t
Page 181 and 182:
Huarng, F. and Y.T. Chen (2002). Re
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174
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(GPS) devices have changed the natu
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equired to know which properties th
Page 189 and 190:
The first phase of the EcoGeo Proje
Page 191 and 192:
Adding a ne w organisation in the p
Page 193 and 194:
6. CONCLUSIONS AND FUTURE WORK The
Page 195 and 196:
Goodchild, M. (1995). “Geographic
Page 197 and 198:
188
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2. APPLICATION OF SPATIAL INFORMATI
Page 201 and 202:
a set of simple tools and applicati
Page 203 and 204:
Russia is just at the beginning in
Page 205 and 206:
to explore appropriate services for
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Nevertheless it can be stated that,
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REFERENCES Abdulharis, R., van Loen
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Brazil http://www.gisdevelopment.ne
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204
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vertical integration of multiple le
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went from being “nice to have”
Page 219 and 220:
Approximately 59% of LGAs indicated
Page 221 and 222:
Variables 212 Table 2: Variables th
Page 223 and 224:
5. DISCUSSION AND IMPLICATIONS FOR
Page 225 and 226:
Giff, G. (2006). "The value of perf
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Warnest, M., A. Rajabifard and I.P.
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programme. Nevertheless the term 'S
Page 231 and 232:
This distinction is also reflected
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several decades or more. In essence
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to play a larger part in the develo
Page 237 and 238:
Masser, I. (2005). GIS Worlds: crea
Page 239 and 240:
Studies of cooperation as a subject
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232 Figure 1: The ‘SDI-based netw
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Questions of SDI are strongly integ
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This leads to the conclusion that w
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Brunsson, N. (2006). The organizati
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However, current SDI design focuses
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242 Figure 1: Marine and coastal ma
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244 Figure 3: Issues and challenges
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emerged in response to a global rea
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The OGC/TC 211 implementation speci
Page 259 and 260:
Results from European Spatial Data
Page 261 and 262:
Nebert , D.D. (ed.) (2004). Develop
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The article begins by outlining the
Page 265 and 266:
4. INITIAL RESPONSES TO THE RRRs CH
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cluded a qualitative and quantitati
Page 269 and 270:
As an example the ‘Spatial and Te
Page 271 and 272:
Dale, P., and McLaughlin, J.D. (198
Page 273 and 274:
Van Oosterom, P.J.M., Lemmen, C.H.J
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each stakeholder can access, use, a
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elow (Rajabifard et al., 2003a). Ho
Page 279 and 280:
3.3 Evolution Theory and SDI Evolut
Page 281 and 282:
spread of a new idea from its sourc
Page 283 and 284:
institutional complexities. This is
Page 285 and 286:
with existing institutional arrange
Page 287 and 288:
Hofstede, G. and G.J. Hofstede (200
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