SDI Convergence - Global Spatial Data Infrastructure Association

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The discussion in the fifth section of this article considers another of the dilemmas facing those involved in SDI implementation: i.e. the challenges presented by both internal and external organisational changes during the course of SDI implementation. To be successful SDIs must be sustainable over long periods of time. The current INSPIRE road map, for example, covers the period up to May 2019 (www.inspire.jrc.ec. europa.eu/). As a result the SDIs that are most likely to succeed will be those that meet the three sets of conditions originally identified by Campbell and Masser (1995, pp. 45- 48) for effective GIS implementation. These are 1) a consistent strategy that identifies the evolving needs of users and takes account of the changing resources and values of the participants, 2) a commitment to and participation in the implementation of the SDI by groups and individuals from both type 1 and 2 types of governance structures and 3) an ability to cope with all kinds of change. REFERENCES Bregt, A., and J. Crompvoets (2004). Spatial data infrastructures: hype or hit? Proceedings of GSDI 8, Cairo, at http://www.gsdi.org. Butler, D. (2006). The web-wide world. Nature, 439(7078): 776-8. Campbell, H. and I. Masser (1995). GIS and organisations: how effective are GIS in practice? London: Taylor and Francis. Craglia, M. and M. Campagna (2009). Advanced regional spatial data infrastructures in Europe, Ispra: Joint Research Centre Institute for Environment and Sustainability. Craglia, M., M. F. Goodchild, A. Annoni, G. Camara, M. Gould, W. Kuhn, D. Mark, I. Masser, D. Maguire, S. Liang and E. Parsons (2008). Next generation Digital Earth: a position paper from the Vespucci initiative for the advancement of geographic information science, International Journal of Spatial Data Infrastructures Research, 3: 146-167. Crompvoets, J., A. Bregt, A. Rajabifard and I.P. Williamson (2004). Assessing worldwide developments of national spatial data clearinghouses. International Journal of Geographic Information Science, 18(1): 1-25. De Man, E. (2007). Beyond spatial data infrastructures there are no SDIs – so what, International Journal of Spatial Data Infrastructure Research, 2: 1-23. Department of Sustainability and Environment, (2008). Victorian Spatial Information Strategy 2008-2010, Melbourne: Department of Sustainability and Environment. Executive Office of the President (1994). Coordinating geographic data acquisition and access, the National Spatial Data Infrastructure, Executive Order 12906, Federal Register, 59: 17671-17674. Gore, A. (1998). The Digital Earth: understanding our planet in the 21 st century, Australian Surveyor, 43(2): 89-91. Hooghe, L., and G. Marks (2003). Unravelling the central state, but how? Types of multi level governance, American Political Science Review, 97(2): 233-243. Maguire, D. (2005). GeoWeb 2.0: implications for ESDI, Proceedings of the 12 th EC-GI- GIS Workshop, Innsbruck, Austria. (http://www.ec-gis.org/Workshops/12ec-gis/). Masser, I. (1999). All shapes and sizes: the first generation of National Spatial Data Infrastructures, International Journal of Geographical Information Science, 13(1): 67-84. 227
Masser, I. (2005). GIS Worlds: creating spatial data infrastructures, Redlands: ESRI Press. Masser, I. (2007). Building European spatial data infrastructures, Redlands: ESRI Press. Masser, I., A. Rajabifard and I. Williamson (2008). Spatially enabling governments through SDI implementation, International Journal of Geographical Information Science, 22(1): 5-20. McLaughlin, J.D. (1991). Towards national spatial data infrastructure, Proceedings of the Canadian Conference on Geographic Information Systems, Ottawa, pp. 1-5. National Research Council (1993). Toward a coordinated spatial data infrastructure for the nation, Mapping Science Committee, Washington D.C: National Academy Press. National Research Council (1999). Distributed geolibraries: spatial information resources, Mapping Science Committee, National Research Council, Washington D.C: National Academy Press. O’Reilly, T. (2005). What is Web 2.0: design patterns and business models for the next generation of software, at: http://www.oreillynet.com. Rajabifard, A., A. Binns, I. Masser and I. Williamson (2006). The role of sub-national government and the private sector in future spatial data infrastructures, International Journal of Geographical Information Science, 20(7): 727-741. Rajabifard, A., M. E. Feeney, I. Williamson and I. Masser (2003). National spatial data infrastructures, in I. Williamson, A. Rajabifard and M.E. Feeney (eds.), Development of Spatial Data Infrastructures: from Concept to Reality, London: Taylor and Francis. Spatial Applications Division, Catholic University of Leuven (SADL) (2003). Spatial data infrastructures in Europe: state of play spring 2003. Summary report, at: http://inspire.jrc.it/state_of_play.cfm. Thompson, B., M. Warnest and C. Chipchase (2003). State SDI development, in I. Williamson, A. Rajabifard, M. E. Feeney (eds.), Development of Spatial Data Infrastructures: from Concept to Reality, London: Taylor and Francis. Vandenbroucke, D., K. Janssen and J. van Orshoven (2008). "INSPIRE State of play: development of the NSDI in 32 European countries between 2002 and 2007", Proceedings of GSDI 10, Trinidad, at: http://www.gsdi.org. 228
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GSDI Global Spatial Data Infrastruc
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SDI Convergence Research, Emerging
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Table of Contents Foreword vii Peer
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Foreword This book is the result of
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Spatial Data Infrastructure Converg
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SDIs are not for free, and thus nee
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gional level specific and complete
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management issues. They do not foll
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esses (scenario 5b in Figure 1) req
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implements the SDI concept. INSPIRE
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cluded. Map functions refer to pop-
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The toolbar at the top of the map a
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18 Figure 5: Technical implementati
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Development and Deployment of a Ser
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the development of the services off
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Web Applications Services Aplicatio
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Figure 2: ISO 19119 elements for se
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means of their capabilities informa
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- Column Nr_dc (and its associated
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Nebert D., Whiteside A. and P. Vret
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of the four essential parts of a su
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2.1.2 ICT standards web services Fo
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model (see Figure 3). The four comp
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4. FINANCIAL MODELS 4.1 Cost models
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5. Hybrid models: These are models
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4.4 Price strategies Apart from the
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6. CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS
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MICUS Management Consulting GmbH (2
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Standard Licences for Geographic In
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3. PHASE I: EUROPEAN CONTEXT AND AC
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The reuse of public sector informat
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(c) free copies or privileged acces
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The ‘Guidelines on the use of geo
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Legal Simcity; Legislative Maps and
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Figure 1: Result set showing protec
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Figure 3: Detailed text-to-map retr
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(Simple Knowledge Organization Syst
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Legal Atlas approach, except for pe
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Furthermore, we pointed out that th
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Power and Privacy: the Use of LBS i
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for these needs by increasing the q
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TARGET [citizen(s)] 3.2.2 Citizens
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tionship with the citizen-subject.
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4.4 European case law 4.4.1 Rotaru
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Without prejudice to the general da
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Taylor, J.A., A.M.B. Lips and J. Or
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these datasets. Afflerbach et al. (
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gration can be realised. This secti
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94 Table 2: Main classes in NEN3610
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96 Table 3: Slightly different attr
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grassy area in TOP10NL data (right)
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Figure 3: IMGeo roads (a) and TOP10
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3.2 Recommendations for integrating
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Figure 7: Modelling sport area as B
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Stoter, J.E., Morales, J.M., Lemmen
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SDI. This evaluation, as well as an
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ConsultCo now executes their geocod
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4.1 The Catalogue 112 Figure 2: Obj
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114 Figure 3: The address data cata
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multiple data services or resources
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6. CONCLUSION We presented a scenar
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OGC OGF (2007). Memorandum of Under
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the identification, the extent, the
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integration of metadata and spatial
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126 Category Criteria Technical Sta
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cords as required. The application
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element in the metadata record. Thi
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132 Category Criteria Technical Sta
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MET designers should focus greatly
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136
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lative effects of activities on the
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fication both of data and models. T
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study described in the next section
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tionality. Themes are ‘map view
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146 Figure 5: Registration screen f
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As the research progresses more fee
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Pettit, C., W. Cartwright, I. D. Bi
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Over the last few years, important
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- the Regional Topographic Database
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- the attributes of each of these t
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5. METADATA MANAGER For metadata cr
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160
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In the business management literatu
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To use this strategy, effective con
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whether the financial support is fr
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pation and control of their own qua
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With respect to this description, t
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Huarng, F. and Y.T. Chen (2002). Re
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174
Page 185 and 186: (GPS) devices have changed the natu
Page 187 and 188: equired to know which properties th
Page 189 and 190: The first phase of the EcoGeo Proje
Page 191 and 192: Adding a ne w organisation in the p
Page 193 and 194: 6. CONCLUSIONS AND FUTURE WORK The
Page 195 and 196: Goodchild, M. (1995). “Geographic
Page 197 and 198: 188
Page 199 and 200: 2. APPLICATION OF SPATIAL INFORMATI
Page 201 and 202: a set of simple tools and applicati
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Page 205 and 206: to explore appropriate services for
Page 207 and 208: Nevertheless it can be stated that,
Page 209 and 210: REFERENCES Abdulharis, R., van Loen
Page 211 and 212: Brazil http://www.gisdevelopment.ne
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Page 215 and 216: vertical integration of multiple le
Page 217 and 218: went from being “nice to have”
Page 219 and 220: Approximately 59% of LGAs indicated
Page 221 and 222: Variables 212 Table 2: Variables th
Page 223 and 224: 5. DISCUSSION AND IMPLICATIONS FOR
Page 225 and 226: Giff, G. (2006). "The value of perf
Page 227 and 228: Warnest, M., A. Rajabifard and I.P.
Page 229 and 230: programme. Nevertheless the term 'S
Page 231 and 232: This distinction is also reflected
Page 233 and 234: several decades or more. In essence
Page 235: to play a larger part in the develo
Page 239 and 240: Studies of cooperation as a subject
Page 241 and 242: 232 Figure 1: The ‘SDI-based netw
Page 243 and 244: Questions of SDI are strongly integ
Page 245 and 246: This leads to the conclusion that w
Page 247 and 248: Brunsson, N. (2006). The organizati
Page 249 and 250: However, current SDI design focuses
Page 251 and 252: 242 Figure 1: Marine and coastal ma
Page 253 and 254: 244 Figure 3: Issues and challenges
Page 255 and 256: emerged in response to a global rea
Page 257 and 258: The OGC/TC 211 implementation speci
Page 259 and 260: Results from European Spatial Data
Page 261 and 262: Nebert , D.D. (ed.) (2004). Develop
Page 263 and 264: The article begins by outlining the
Page 265 and 266: 4. INITIAL RESPONSES TO THE RRRs CH
Page 267 and 268: cluded a qualitative and quantitati
Page 269 and 270: As an example the ‘Spatial and Te
Page 271 and 272: Dale, P., and McLaughlin, J.D. (198
Page 273 and 274: Van Oosterom, P.J.M., Lemmen, C.H.J
Page 275 and 276: each stakeholder can access, use, a
Page 277 and 278: elow (Rajabifard et al., 2003a). Ho
Page 279 and 280: 3.3 Evolution Theory and SDI Evolut
Page 281 and 282: spread of a new idea from its sourc
Page 283 and 284: institutional complexities. This is
Page 285 and 286: with existing institutional arrange
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Hofstede, G. and G.J. Hofstede (200
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