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SDI Convergence - Global Spatial Data Infrastructure Association

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Furthermore, we pointed out that the enabling technology, based on Semantic Web<br />

technologies including RDF tuples and SPARQL queries allows us to create a truly<br />

flexible and dynamic solution. It enables the user to approach any piece of information<br />

either starting from the map side or from the text side, and even more important, it allows<br />

for intelligent support, i.e. automated reasoning. In this paper we showed how this<br />

can be used for constrains satisfaction and conflict resolution, but more complex reasoning<br />

about regulations related to spatial objects is also possible using the same underlying<br />

technology. For a more detailed description of this technology we refer to<br />

Hoekstra et al. (2009).<br />

Further research<br />

Further research should concentrate on other European areas of legal and semantic<br />

implications for policy making and balancing interests. Within the spatial domain a future<br />

research area could be on balancing environmental with economic and recreational<br />

interests in the context of INSPIRE.<br />

The massive volumes of data required to provide simple services is another area for<br />

further research One of the prototypes, for example, already contained 3.5 gigabytes of<br />

content that was collected from 10 municipalities, five large infrastructural sources and<br />

the chamber of commerce. This data was used to ‘fill’ the prototype and was additional<br />

to the already vast amount of content obtained from the province. The issue of content<br />

volume becomes more important if we model legal knowledge-based systems at European<br />

scale (because of the jurisdictions of national laws).<br />

We will further develop and test new versions of Legal Atlas in 2009. In a new version<br />

we will further improve the capacity to handle conflicting interests, to visualise and interact<br />

with policy intentions and use automated ‘seeking area’.<br />

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS<br />

The authors thank Mary Haselager, Kees Kersten and Jolanka Perk of Geopolis Flevoland<br />

and the Public-i team for their contribution to the research presented in this article.<br />

REFERENCES<br />

Boer, A., R. Peters, T. van Engers, and Radboud Winkels (2007). Separating Law from<br />

Geography in GIS-based eGovernment Services, Artificial Intelligence and Law,<br />

15(1): 49-76.<br />

Boer, A., R. Hoekstra, R. Winkels, T. van Engers, and F. Willaert (2002). “ META lex: Legislation<br />

in XML”, in T. Bench-Capon, Aspassia Daskalopulu, and R.G.F. Winkels<br />

(eds.), Legal Knowledge and Information Systems (Jurix 2002), Amsterdam: IOS<br />

Press, pp. 1-10.<br />

Boer, A., T. van Engers, and R. Winkels (2003). “Using Ontologies for Comparing and<br />

Harmonizing Legislation”. Proceedings of the International Conference on Artificial<br />

Intelligence and Law (ICAIL), Edinburgh (UK).<br />

EC-INSPIRE (2003). <strong>Spatial</strong> <strong>Data</strong> <strong>Infrastructure</strong>s in Europe: State of play Spring 2003<br />

commissioned by EUROSTAT & DGENV, K.U. Leuven.<br />

Gibson, J. (1979). The Ecological Approach to Visual Perception, Hillsdale, New Jersey:<br />

Lawrence Erlbaum Associates Inc.<br />

73

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