SDI Convergence - Global Spatial Data Infrastructure Association

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fully digital nationwide spatial data production system is widely established. The national coordinating mechanism is in action to strengthen the cooperation and data sharing and the national standards are getting more complete to support the DCGF (Li and Xuenian, 2008). In 2002, the Shanghai Municipal Government announced the “Digital City Shanghai” strategy. In this context a distributed WebGIS application for managing landscape resources was developed (Zhu et al., 2005), which allows the connection of all landscape bureaus of the city where data are kept locally for maintenance and updates. These data are also available online to the central bureau and other local bureaus. Beyond data exchange functions the GIS provides for spatial analysis functionality like distance-based spatial queries, for selection functions and for different types of buffering functions. In 2004, the city authority of Guangzhou, the capital city of south China, initiated the Digital Municipality of Guangzhou (DigiM.GZ) project (Cheng and Rao, 2006). The project aims to represent the Guangzhou metropolitan area as a digitalised virtual municipality by using a wide range of up-to-date GIS and telecommunications technologies. When in use, it shall provide for a universal platform to deal with all digital data relevant for city planning, management and maintenance, including water, gas and power supply, transport network, drainage and telecommunications. In Beijing, the Beijing Digital Green Management Information System is available, which consists of a GIS, remote sensing data, 3D virtual simulation, database, high-speed broadband networks and other hi-tech products. It integrates a database of Beijing landscaping areas and a database of social, economic, ecological and urban infrastructure. This system is constructed of components for integrated Management, system maintenance, dynamic garden inspecting, integrated query, planning, building maintenance, environmental benefits evaluation, 3D simulation, and other subsystems. The NSDI scheme in India (established in 2001) aims at using GIS to merge satellite imagery and ancient topographic maps with data on water resources, flooding, rainfall, crop patterns, and civic layouts to produce 3-D digital maps. NSDI should, once ready, act as an online database to maintain spatial data layers and base maps in an easily retrievable from 40 major cities should be mapped at a scale of 1:1000, and in later phases the entire country should be covered. Another objective of the Indian NSDI is to achieve a national coverage of all forest maps, land use, groundwater and wasteland maps, pollution data, meteorological department's weather-info and department of ocean development's sea maps. The key elements for development of NSDI are: standards (to enable interoperability; standards for network, gateways, and protocols), evolving metadata, nodes (GIS-based spatial database servers), search and access protocols, electronic clearinghouse, creating user interfaces, and initiating an NSDI outreach and awareness program. For these purposes India has developed a geoportal. In 2005/06 in the Handni Chowk area of the walled city of Delhi, which covers an area of about 20 km² size, a pilot study on generating a 3D-GIS database was accomplished by the Department of Science and Technology and the Russian Academy of Sciences (RAS). The database was created by using a base map at scale 1:2500, high resolution satellite data, ground control points, video of the area, high resolution DEM from LiDAR/ ALTM and by 3D GIS data processing and analysis software (Kumarf 2007). In the future the database may be expanded for the entire city and provide for a basis for monitoring the city and for development of different applications for urban planning. In Mumbai various GIS applications for small areas with different aims have been made. The Mumbai Metropolitan Region Development Authority (MMRDA) recognised the usefulness of this technology and thus proposes in its Regional Plan (1996-2011) to build up a Regional Information System where the spatial and related attribute data should be organised and shared among the local authorities, planning agencies and other institutions working in the region. These developments may be stimulated by the Collective Research Initiative Trust (CRIT)’ plans to generate an open-access SDI and 191
a set of simple tools and applications for knowledge transfer and participatory urban planning by communities and citizens in Mumbai. Until now the normal Internet user has only access to a demo version with some basic spatial data. During the Survey and Mapping National Coordination Meeting in 2000, ISDI, the Indonesian SDI was declared to become a primary solution to solve the problems of the availability of and access to spatial data (Abdulharis et al., 2005). Bakosurtanal is the coordinating agency for the development of Indonesian NSDI (Arief Syafi’I, 2006). The NSDI aims at improvement of coordination mechanism, completion of spatial databases and national metadata developments, activation of national clearinghouse (Puntodewo and Nataprawira, 2007) and development of Digital Indonesia. Agency’s spatial databases should be completed and should work within a nationally and globally integrated distributed system. A national clearinghouse prototype and a metadata gateway should be developed and metadata servers should be installed in key agencies. The city of Jakarta provides for a simple WebGIS application, which represents the road network of the city and enables different search functions to find streets and points of interest. No further SDI-activities in the city were identified. In Iran, national organisations, ministry and municipal offices as well as private companies are active in the field of mapping and spatial data production. The national organisations concentrate their efforts on small-scale base mapping of the whole country. Governmental surveying offices and private companies are mostly involved in high resolution spatial data production needed for national and provincial projects (Baktash, 2003). Most research in the fields of photogrammetry, remote sensing, GIS and digital mapping is carried out in the national organisations, institutions and universities (Rad and Sarpoulaki, 2004). However, a few private companies also made remarkable research efforts for commercial products and services. The Tehran municipality, Public & International Relations Department committed to the development of a WebGIS with more than 140 layers, which should be launched before the end of the current Iranian year. The application should serve citizens and managers of various organisations and institutions as well as domestic and foreign tourists with needed information. In Japan, the NSDI is implemented by the Geographical Survey Institute (GSI) and different ministries, who began their work on the Spatial Data Framework in 1995 and completed it in 2003. Over the period of development the institutions produced a collection of base maps, notably the topographical map series of 1:25 000, which covers the whole country. Those maps were used for generating several public and private sector maps like administration area maps, road maps and several thematic maps (Land Use Map, Land Condition Map, Volcanic Land Condition Map, and a Map of Active Faults in Urban Area). Beyond these maps also aerial photographs were published and the development of a national standard was established. The future work of the Japanese NSDI concentrates on a new infrastructure concept, which is promoted as "Digital Japan" and which shall lead to a virtual and real-time representation of the land realised by integrating geographic information of various kind and which shall be made accessible to anyone on the internet. Concerning the two Japanese mega cities Osaka and Tokyo, the internet investigation could not extract any specific SDI-initiatives. Both cities developed long-term master plans, where principal goals for city planning are formulated but no SDI strategy could be identified. In Pakistan no official NSDI was established. Only some SDI-supporting-initiatives exist (Asmat, 2008), one of which was the Winner of GSDI Association Small Grant 2006-7. Under the aegis of the WWF this initiative develops an SDI for sharing environmental information. From the inception of the project large amounts of spatial data including 192
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GSDI Global Spatial Data Infrastruc
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SDI Convergence Research, Emerging
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Table of Contents Foreword vii Peer
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Foreword This book is the result of
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Spatial Data Infrastructure Converg
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SDIs are not for free, and thus nee
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gional level specific and complete
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management issues. They do not foll
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esses (scenario 5b in Figure 1) req
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implements the SDI concept. INSPIRE
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cluded. Map functions refer to pop-
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The toolbar at the top of the map a
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18 Figure 5: Technical implementati
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Development and Deployment of a Ser
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the development of the services off
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Web Applications Services Aplicatio
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Figure 2: ISO 19119 elements for se
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means of their capabilities informa
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- Column Nr_dc (and its associated
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Nebert D., Whiteside A. and P. Vret
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of the four essential parts of a su
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2.1.2 ICT standards web services Fo
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model (see Figure 3). The four comp
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4. FINANCIAL MODELS 4.1 Cost models
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5. Hybrid models: These are models
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4.4 Price strategies Apart from the
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6. CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS
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MICUS Management Consulting GmbH (2
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Standard Licences for Geographic In
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3. PHASE I: EUROPEAN CONTEXT AND AC
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The reuse of public sector informat
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(c) free copies or privileged acces
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The ‘Guidelines on the use of geo
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Legal Simcity; Legislative Maps and
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Figure 1: Result set showing protec
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Figure 3: Detailed text-to-map retr
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(Simple Knowledge Organization Syst
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Legal Atlas approach, except for pe
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Furthermore, we pointed out that th
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Power and Privacy: the Use of LBS i
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for these needs by increasing the q
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TARGET [citizen(s)] 3.2.2 Citizens
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tionship with the citizen-subject.
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4.4 European case law 4.4.1 Rotaru
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Without prejudice to the general da
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Taylor, J.A., A.M.B. Lips and J. Or
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these datasets. Afflerbach et al. (
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gration can be realised. This secti
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94 Table 2: Main classes in NEN3610
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96 Table 3: Slightly different attr
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grassy area in TOP10NL data (right)
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Figure 3: IMGeo roads (a) and TOP10
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3.2 Recommendations for integrating
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Figure 7: Modelling sport area as B
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Stoter, J.E., Morales, J.M., Lemmen
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SDI. This evaluation, as well as an
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ConsultCo now executes their geocod
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4.1 The Catalogue 112 Figure 2: Obj
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114 Figure 3: The address data cata
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multiple data services or resources
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6. CONCLUSION We presented a scenar
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OGC OGF (2007). Memorandum of Under
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the identification, the extent, the
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integration of metadata and spatial
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126 Category Criteria Technical Sta
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cords as required. The application
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element in the metadata record. Thi
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132 Category Criteria Technical Sta
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MET designers should focus greatly
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136
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lative effects of activities on the
Page 149 and 150: fication both of data and models. T
Page 151 and 152: study described in the next section
Page 153 and 154: tionality. Themes are ‘map view
Page 155 and 156: 146 Figure 5: Registration screen f
Page 157 and 158: As the research progresses more fee
Page 159 and 160: Pettit, C., W. Cartwright, I. D. Bi
Page 161 and 162: Over the last few years, important
Page 163 and 164: - the Regional Topographic Database
Page 165 and 166: - the attributes of each of these t
Page 167 and 168: 5. METADATA MANAGER For metadata cr
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Page 171 and 172: In the business management literatu
Page 173 and 174: To use this strategy, effective con
Page 175 and 176: whether the financial support is fr
Page 177 and 178: pation and control of their own qua
Page 179 and 180: With respect to this description, t
Page 181 and 182: Huarng, F. and Y.T. Chen (2002). Re
Page 183 and 184: 174
Page 185 and 186: (GPS) devices have changed the natu
Page 187 and 188: equired to know which properties th
Page 189 and 190: The first phase of the EcoGeo Proje
Page 191 and 192: Adding a ne w organisation in the p
Page 193 and 194: 6. CONCLUSIONS AND FUTURE WORK The
Page 195 and 196: Goodchild, M. (1995). “Geographic
Page 197 and 198: 188
Page 199: 2. APPLICATION OF SPATIAL INFORMATI
Page 203 and 204: Russia is just at the beginning in
Page 205 and 206: to explore appropriate services for
Page 207 and 208: Nevertheless it can be stated that,
Page 209 and 210: REFERENCES Abdulharis, R., van Loen
Page 211 and 212: Brazil http://www.gisdevelopment.ne
Page 213 and 214: 204
Page 215 and 216: vertical integration of multiple le
Page 217 and 218: went from being “nice to have”
Page 219 and 220: Approximately 59% of LGAs indicated
Page 221 and 222: Variables 212 Table 2: Variables th
Page 223 and 224: 5. DISCUSSION AND IMPLICATIONS FOR
Page 225 and 226: Giff, G. (2006). "The value of perf
Page 227 and 228: Warnest, M., A. Rajabifard and I.P.
Page 229 and 230: programme. Nevertheless the term 'S
Page 231 and 232: This distinction is also reflected
Page 233 and 234: several decades or more. In essence
Page 235 and 236: to play a larger part in the develo
Page 237 and 238: Masser, I. (2005). GIS Worlds: crea
Page 239 and 240: Studies of cooperation as a subject
Page 241 and 242: 232 Figure 1: The ‘SDI-based netw
Page 243 and 244: Questions of SDI are strongly integ
Page 245 and 246: This leads to the conclusion that w
Page 247 and 248: Brunsson, N. (2006). The organizati
Page 249 and 250: However, current SDI design focuses
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242 Figure 1: Marine and coastal ma
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244 Figure 3: Issues and challenges
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emerged in response to a global rea
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The OGC/TC 211 implementation speci
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Results from European Spatial Data
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Nebert , D.D. (ed.) (2004). Develop
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The article begins by outlining the
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4. INITIAL RESPONSES TO THE RRRs CH
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cluded a qualitative and quantitati
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As an example the ‘Spatial and Te
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Dale, P., and McLaughlin, J.D. (198
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Van Oosterom, P.J.M., Lemmen, C.H.J
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each stakeholder can access, use, a
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elow (Rajabifard et al., 2003a). Ho
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3.3 Evolution Theory and SDI Evolut
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spread of a new idea from its sourc
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institutional complexities. This is
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with existing institutional arrange
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Hofstede, G. and G.J. Hofstede (200
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