SDI Convergence - Global Spatial Data Infrastructure Association

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Without prejudice to the general data protection legislation, it is possible that special data protection legislation is applicable, for example for police data. However, this has no influence on the applicability of the general data protection principles. Technical possibilities for large scale collection and analysis of personal data, including spatial data and telecommunications data make it much easier, for example, for law enforcement agencies to compare these data with so called risk profiles. As a result, the privacy of groups of citizens is at stake because they are becoming more transparent to law enforcement and intelligence agencies. It also enhances the risk of mistakes being made because criminal investigations could then be extended to cover everyone (Nouwt, 2008; Vedder et al., 2007). 5. CONCLUSIONS Legal norms are important for governments to demarcate the borders for collecting and using location-based information about citizens without interfering with their right to privacy. For some politicians, it is obvious that citizens have less reasonable expectations of privacy in public places. However, from ECtHR case law, we can conclude that the right to privacy also exists in public places where citizens can be monitored and information about them can be collected. From a legal perspective, governments are only allowed to collect location-based information about citizens when the powers to do so are in accordance with the law and there is a pressing social need to collect this information. Furthermore, collecting and further processing of personal data must be in accordance with the general data protection principles. Legal guidelines, however, are not sufficient to give direction to socially desirable applications of LBS in public policy (Onsrud, 2008). Governments should be critical towards the policy and societal goals they wish to attain by using LBS. When interacting with citizens, they should be aware of the conflicting values of the subject, citoyen and client role in order to avoid the extremes of Orwell, Athens and Soft Sister. REFERENCES Ahas, R. and U. Mark (2005). Location Based Services-New Challenges for Planning and Public Administration? Futures, 37(6): 547-561. Dobson, J.E. and P.E. Fisher (2003). Geoslavery - Society Must Contemplate a New Form of Slavery, Characterized by Location Control, IEEE Technology & Society Magazine: a Publication of the IEEE Society on Social Implications of Technology, 22(1): 47-52. Council of Europe (1981), Convention for the Protection of Individuals with regard to Automatic Processing of Personal Data, at http://conventions.coe.int/Treaty/ Commun/QueVoulezVous.asp?NT=108&CM=8&DF=8/27/2008&CL=ENG. Davis, B. (2003). “Technoism: will loss of freedom unleash the voice of dissent?”, International Symposium on Technology and Society: Crime Prevention, Security and Design, September 26-28 2003, pp. 19-24. ECtHR (2000). Rotaru v. Romania: European Court of Human Rights, Judgment of 4 May 2000, no. 28341/95, at: http://www.echr.coe.int/echr/. ECtHR (2001). P.G. and J.H. v. The United Kingdom: European Court of Human Rights, Judgment of 25 September 2001, no. 44787/98, at: http://www.echr.coe. int/echr/. 85
ECtHR (2003a). Peck v. The United Kingdom: European Court of Human Rights, Judgment of 28 January 2003, no. 44647/98, at: http://www.echr.coe.int/echr/. ECtHR (2003b). Perry v. The United Kingdom: European Court of Human Rights, Judgment of 17 July 2003, no. 63673/00, at: http://www.echr.coe.int/echr/. Frissen, P.H.A. (1998). “Public Administration in Cyberspace: A Postmodern Perspective”, in Snellen, I.Th.M. and W.B.H.J. van de Donk (Eds.), Public Administration in an Information Age. A Handbook, Amsterdam/Berlin/Oxford/Tokyo/Washington DC: IOS Press, pp. 33-46. Hoepman, J.-H. (2008). Follow that Car! Over de Mogelijke Privacygevolgen van Rekeningrijden, en hoe die te Vermijden, Privacy en Informatie, 11(5): 225-230. Hoge Raad (Dutch Supreme Court), 19 February 1991, NJ 1992, 50. Hooghiemstra, T. and J. Nouwt (2007). Tekst en Toelichting Wet Bescherming Persoonsgegevens, Den Haag: Sdu. Kamerstukken (2004/5a). “Wet tot Wijziging van de Gemeentewet en de Wet politieregisters in verband met de invoering van regels omtrent het gebruik van camera’s ten behoeve van toezicht op openbare plaatsen” (camera surveillance in public places). Kamerstukken II, 2004/05, 29 440. Kamerstukken (2004/5b). Kamerstukken II, 2004/05, 29 440, nr. 6, p. 10. Küpper, A. (2005). Location-based Services: Fundamentals and Operation, Chichester: Wiley. Michael, M.G., S.J. Fusco and K. Michael (2008). A Research Note on Ethics in the Emerging Age of Überveillance, Computer Communications, 31(6): 1192-1199. Ministerie van Verkeer en Waterstaat (2008). Wet op de Kilometerprijs naar Raad van State, at: http://www.verkeerenwaterstaat.nl/actueel/nieuws/wetopdekilometer prijsnaarraadvanstate.aspx. Nouwt, J. (2008). Reasonable Expectations of Geo-Privacy? SCRIPT-ed, 5(2): 375- 403. Nu.nl (2006). Politie Blij met Resultaat SMS-Bom Sévèke. Nu.nl/internet, at http://www. nu.nl/news.jsp?n=697945&c=50&rss. OECD (1980), Guidelines on the Protection of Privacy and Transborder Flows of Personal Data, at: http://www.oecd.org/document/18/0,3343,en_2649_34255_18151 86_1_1_1_1,00.html. Onsrud, H.J. (2008). Implementing Geographic Information Technologies Ethically, ArcNews Fall 2008 Issue, at: http://www.esri.com/news/arcnews/fall08articles/ implementing-gi-technologies.html. Pieper, R. (2007). Anders Betalen voor Mobiliteit met Mobimiles. Brief aan Minister Eurlings 18 September 2007, ROAD Group. Raper, J., G. Gartner, H. Karimi (2007). A Critical Evaluation of Location Based Services and their Potential, Journal of Location Based Services, 1(1): 5-45. Snellen, I.Th.M. (2000). Territorialising Governance and the State: Policy Dimensions of Geographic Information Systems, Information Infrastructure and Policy: an International Journal on the Development, Adoption, Use and Effects of Information Technology, 6(3): 131-138. 86
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GSDI Global Spatial Data Infrastruc
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SDI Convergence Research, Emerging
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Table of Contents Foreword vii Peer
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Foreword This book is the result of
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Spatial Data Infrastructure Converg
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SDIs are not for free, and thus nee
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gional level specific and complete
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management issues. They do not foll
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esses (scenario 5b in Figure 1) req
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implements the SDI concept. INSPIRE
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cluded. Map functions refer to pop-
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The toolbar at the top of the map a
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18 Figure 5: Technical implementati
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Development and Deployment of a Ser
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the development of the services off
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Web Applications Services Aplicatio
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Figure 2: ISO 19119 elements for se
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means of their capabilities informa
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- Column Nr_dc (and its associated
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Nebert D., Whiteside A. and P. Vret
Page 45 and 46: of the four essential parts of a su
Page 47 and 48: 2.1.2 ICT standards web services Fo
Page 49 and 50: model (see Figure 3). The four comp
Page 51 and 52: 4. FINANCIAL MODELS 4.1 Cost models
Page 53 and 54: 5. Hybrid models: These are models
Page 55 and 56: 4.4 Price strategies Apart from the
Page 57 and 58: 6. CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS
Page 59 and 60: MICUS Management Consulting GmbH (2
Page 62 and 63: Standard Licences for Geographic In
Page 64 and 65: 3. PHASE I: EUROPEAN CONTEXT AND AC
Page 66 and 67: The reuse of public sector informat
Page 68 and 69: (c) free copies or privileged acces
Page 70 and 71: The ‘Guidelines on the use of geo
Page 72 and 73: Legal Simcity; Legislative Maps and
Page 74 and 75: Figure 1: Result set showing protec
Page 76 and 77: Figure 3: Detailed text-to-map retr
Page 78 and 79: (Simple Knowledge Organization Syst
Page 80 and 81: Legal Atlas approach, except for pe
Page 82 and 83: Furthermore, we pointed out that th
Page 84 and 85: Power and Privacy: the Use of LBS i
Page 86 and 87: for these needs by increasing the q
Page 88 and 89: TARGET [citizen(s)] 3.2.2 Citizens
Page 90 and 91: tionship with the citizen-subject.
Page 92 and 93: 4.4 European case law 4.4.1 Rotaru
Page 96: Taylor, J.A., A.M.B. Lips and J. Or
Page 99 and 100: these datasets. Afflerbach et al. (
Page 101 and 102: gration can be realised. This secti
Page 103 and 104: 94 Table 2: Main classes in NEN3610
Page 105 and 106: 96 Table 3: Slightly different attr
Page 107 and 108: grassy area in TOP10NL data (right)
Page 109 and 110: Figure 3: IMGeo roads (a) and TOP10
Page 111 and 112: 3.2 Recommendations for integrating
Page 113 and 114: Figure 7: Modelling sport area as B
Page 115 and 116: Stoter, J.E., Morales, J.M., Lemmen
Page 117 and 118: SDI. This evaluation, as well as an
Page 119 and 120: ConsultCo now executes their geocod
Page 121 and 122: 4.1 The Catalogue 112 Figure 2: Obj
Page 123 and 124: 114 Figure 3: The address data cata
Page 125 and 126: multiple data services or resources
Page 127 and 128: 6. CONCLUSION We presented a scenar
Page 129 and 130: OGC OGF (2007). Memorandum of Under
Page 131 and 132: the identification, the extent, the
Page 133 and 134: integration of metadata and spatial
Page 135 and 136: 126 Category Criteria Technical Sta
Page 137 and 138: cords as required. The application
Page 139 and 140: element in the metadata record. Thi
Page 141 and 142: 132 Category Criteria Technical Sta
Page 143 and 144: MET designers should focus greatly
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136
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lative effects of activities on the
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fication both of data and models. T
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study described in the next section
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tionality. Themes are ‘map view
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146 Figure 5: Registration screen f
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As the research progresses more fee
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Pettit, C., W. Cartwright, I. D. Bi
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Over the last few years, important
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- the Regional Topographic Database
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- the attributes of each of these t
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5. METADATA MANAGER For metadata cr
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160
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In the business management literatu
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To use this strategy, effective con
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whether the financial support is fr
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pation and control of their own qua
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With respect to this description, t
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Huarng, F. and Y.T. Chen (2002). Re
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174
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(GPS) devices have changed the natu
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equired to know which properties th
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The first phase of the EcoGeo Proje
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Adding a ne w organisation in the p
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6. CONCLUSIONS AND FUTURE WORK The
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Goodchild, M. (1995). “Geographic
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188
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2. APPLICATION OF SPATIAL INFORMATI
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a set of simple tools and applicati
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Russia is just at the beginning in
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to explore appropriate services for
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Nevertheless it can be stated that,
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REFERENCES Abdulharis, R., van Loen
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Brazil http://www.gisdevelopment.ne
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204
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vertical integration of multiple le
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went from being “nice to have”
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Approximately 59% of LGAs indicated
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Variables 212 Table 2: Variables th
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5. DISCUSSION AND IMPLICATIONS FOR
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Giff, G. (2006). "The value of perf
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Warnest, M., A. Rajabifard and I.P.
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programme. Nevertheless the term 'S
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This distinction is also reflected
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several decades or more. In essence
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to play a larger part in the develo
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Masser, I. (2005). GIS Worlds: crea
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Studies of cooperation as a subject
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232 Figure 1: The ‘SDI-based netw
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Questions of SDI are strongly integ
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This leads to the conclusion that w
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Brunsson, N. (2006). The organizati
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However, current SDI design focuses
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242 Figure 1: Marine and coastal ma
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244 Figure 3: Issues and challenges
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emerged in response to a global rea
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The OGC/TC 211 implementation speci
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Results from European Spatial Data
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Nebert , D.D. (ed.) (2004). Develop
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The article begins by outlining the
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4. INITIAL RESPONSES TO THE RRRs CH
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cluded a qualitative and quantitati
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As an example the ‘Spatial and Te
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Dale, P., and McLaughlin, J.D. (198
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Van Oosterom, P.J.M., Lemmen, C.H.J
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each stakeholder can access, use, a
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elow (Rajabifard et al., 2003a). Ho
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3.3 Evolution Theory and SDI Evolut
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spread of a new idea from its sourc
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institutional complexities. This is
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with existing institutional arrange
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Hofstede, G. and G.J. Hofstede (200
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