SDI Convergence - Global Spatial Data Infrastructure Association
SDI Convergence - Global Spatial Data Infrastructure Association
SDI Convergence - Global Spatial Data Infrastructure Association
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Table 1: Differences between GeoWeb 1.0 and 2.0 (Maguire, 2005).<br />
GeoWeb 1.0 GeoWeb 2.0<br />
Static<br />
Publishing<br />
Producer centric<br />
Centralised<br />
Close coupling<br />
Basic<br />
Dynamic<br />
Participation<br />
User centric<br />
Decentralised<br />
Loose coupling (e.g. mash ups)<br />
Rich<br />
The launch of Google Earth in June 2005 brought many of the elements of the GeoWeb<br />
2.0 within reach of millions of users. Google Earth combined the powerful search<br />
engines developed by Google with the ability to zoom rapidly in or out from space to<br />
the neighbourhood street level. It also created new opportunities for these users to<br />
overlay their own spatial data on the top of Google Earth’s background imagery. As<br />
Butler (2006, 776) pointed out in an article in the science journal, Nature: ‘By offering<br />
researchers an easy way into GIS software, Google Earth and other virtual globes are<br />
set to go beyond representing the world, and start changing it.’ For this reason they<br />
must be regarded as ‘disruptive technologies’ that are transforming the GIS industry in<br />
ways that the market does not expect.<br />
A position paper from the Vespucci initiative (Craglia et al., 2008) highlights some of<br />
the impacts of the developments in information technology, spatial data infrastructures<br />
and earth observation that have taken place since the launch of Vice President Gore’s<br />
(1998) vision of Digital Earth. It points out that many elements of his vision are now<br />
regularly being used by large numbers of people throughout the world and that geography<br />
has become an important way of organising many different kinds of digital spatial<br />
data that are now regularly collected by sensors that provide multi level spectral information<br />
about the earth’s surface in large scale intergovernmental initiatives such as the<br />
<strong>Global</strong> Earth Observation System of Systems (GEOSS). The paper also sets out its<br />
own vision for the next five to ten years. Elements of this vision include the development<br />
of multiple connected infrastructures addressing the needs of different audiences,<br />
and the possibility of searches through time and space to find analogous situations with<br />
real time data from both sensors and individuals.<br />
3. FROM PRODUCERS TO USERS - THE GENERATION ANALOGY<br />
There are interesting parallels between the shift from producers to users that has occurred<br />
as a result of emergence of the WWW and the changes that have taken place in<br />
the governance of <strong>SDI</strong>s over this time. A good example of the latter can be found in the<br />
typology of <strong>SDI</strong>s that has been developed in the course of the State of Play studies that<br />
have been carried out by the <strong>Spatial</strong> Application Division at the University of Leuven for<br />
the European Commission over the last five years (Vandenbroucke et al., 2008). This<br />
typology is based on the coordination aspects of national <strong>SDI</strong> initiatives. Matters of coordination<br />
have been emphasised because 'it is obvious coordination is the major success<br />
factor for each <strong>SDI</strong> since coordination is tackled in different ways according to the<br />
political and administrative organisation of the country' (SADL, 2003). A basic distinction<br />
is made between countries where a national data producer such as a mapping<br />
agency has an implicit mandate to set up a <strong>SDI</strong> and countries where <strong>SDI</strong> development<br />
is being driven by a council of Ministries, a GI association or a partnership of data users.<br />
A further distinction is then made between initiatives that do and do not involve users<br />
in the case of the former and between those that have a formal mandate and those<br />
that do not in the case of the latter.<br />
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