The Journey of Flight.pdf - Valkyrie Cadet

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Chapter Chapter 19- 19- W WWeather W eather Elements Elements Elements hills, for example, will produce a mild turbulence for hundreds of feet above them. In the areas of the country where there are mountains, turbulence can be severe. Even if the atmosphere is stable, a strong wind striking a mountain or range of mountains may produce little turbulence on the windward side. However the leeward side will be very dangerous to flying. Turbulent downdrafts will be created and they can force an airplane into the side of the mountain with little or no warning. When the wind strikes mountains at 50 mph or more, the result is extreme turbulence. The effect of this turbulence can be seen by the types of clouds formed—if sufficient water vapor is present. At or slightly below the elevation of the mountain crest, there may be what is known as rotor clouds. These clouds show by their shape and motion that the air coming over the mountain is spinning on an “axis” that parallels the mountain’s linear shape. Higher up, there probably will be the lenticular-type clouds that we mentioned earlier. These lenticulars form at the crests of atmospheric waves which develop as the force generated by the wind striking the mountain is transmitted upward. For aircraft, flight into the area where rotor clouds are located, must be avoided because of the danger of structural damage. Flight at higher altitudes, where the wave formations are located, produces inaccurate readings on the aircraft altitude indicator. Readings may be off as much as 1,000 feet. This is caused by the differences of atmospheric pressure within the wave formations. However, mountain waves are good news to at least one segment of aviation. Sailplane enthusiasts find the mountain wave to be the “ideal’ weather condition for sustained and very high flight. By flying the crests of such waves, the sailplane pilot can gain and maintain altitudes that would not otherwise be possible. Wind ind Shear Shear Wind shear is an atmospheric condition in which changes in speed and direction of the wind occur. At one level, the wind is traveling in one direction, while at an adjacent level either the wind is traveling in a different direction or the air at that level is calm. Turbulence is located at the junction of the two atmospheric layers involved in the wind-shear phenomenon. Aviators may experience horizontal wind shear when there is a temperature inversion. That is, nighttime radiation cooling may produce a layer of cool, calm air at the surface extending to a hundred or so feet above the surface while air above this layer is warm and moving. This kind of atmospheric condition is dangerous to aircraft during takeoff and landing because of the possibility of very abrupt changes in airspeed. The amount of danger depends on how fast the warm, upper layer of air is moving and the direction of the aircraft’s flight. Vertical currents of air (updrafts or downdrafts) are forms of wind shear too. The strong vertical current near the approach or departure end of a runway can change the airspeed and flight path of an airplane greatly. This sort of air current is often experienced in a mild form during the summertime. The small airplane can be bounced up and down as the pilot tries to maintain a smooth and correct descent toward the runway. No matter how much the pilot tries to manipulate the controls, these summertime vertical air currents can make the descent seem very erratic. 417
The downdraft shear, or microburst, associated with large thunderstorms, can be particularly dangerous. The force of such downdrafts has caused even large airliners to strike the ground before reaching the runway. Microbursts, perhaps more than any other type of wind shear, have been the cause of aviation tragedies across the world. A microburst is caused when a column of air is quickly cooled (usually by rain) and rapidly falls towards the Earth. The air speed in a microburst often exceeds hurricane force and the resulting damage closely resembles that of a tornado. Recently, commercial aircraft and airports have been equipped with special dopplar and infrared radar that can detect microbursts and give pilots enough warning to avoid them. Diagram of a Microburst or Downdraft Shear. 418
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CIVIL AIR PATROL The Official Auxil
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS A
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Chapter Chapter Chapter Chapter Cha
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Our ability to use air and space di
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glider 400 years before the first o
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After centuries of dreaming, flight
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However, hydrogen also had a seriou
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The first airplane pioneer in the n
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devotion to gliding and aviation en
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Langley’s last failure, two broth
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During the winter of 1901, they bui
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� kite � lighter-than-air � g
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exceeded the speed requirements. Th
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Rodgers’ Vin Fiz Flyer was built
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Progress Progress in in Europe Euro
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power than one, and if one engine f
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Many aviation pioneers already ment
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in military affairs took place with
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FFFFFighter ighter ighter ighter ig
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difficulties in accepting the servi
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in the Wisconsin Volunteers at age
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SELECT THE CORRECT ANSWER 1. (Rober
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The NC-1 came down after flying 850
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On November 14, 1918, 3 days after
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Ar Army Ar my Air Air P PPower P ow
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Kelly and Macready flew over Indian
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Early Parachute Jump Test National
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WWWWWomen omen omen omen’s omen
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On June 12, 1934, Congress passed a
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The engine compartment of EAA’s S
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The great airplane designer, Lloyd
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workhorse we know today. The name o
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Pan American’s China Clipper Mean
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them to respond to an Army design c
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qualified would be sent to designat
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The 332nd Fighter Group flew more t
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MATCHING 11. First attempt to stand
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The Japanese built a strong Navy. T
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The backbone of the German Air Forc
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Lacking the defensive air force to
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The Spitfire is a prized collector
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86 USAAF personnel are shown here p
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Hitler supposedly promised Luftwaff
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Japanese Attack on Pearl Harbor on
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established within the Army Air For
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In fact, the lessons learned in Nor
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already tried daylight bombing and
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The P-51 Mustang helped turn the ti
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ACES IN EUROPE The Luftwaffe produc
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Almost exactly 1 month later, the U
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Major General George Kenney was Mac
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This first bombing raid was led by
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the island-hopping campaign in the
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� combined arms operations � Bl
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than 900,000. By 1947, this figure
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The most famous jet of World War II
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The The The The The Berlin Berlin B
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North Korean advance just enough so
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On July 27, 1953, a cease-fire trea
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Immediately after the war, the most
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The DeHavilland Comet 1 restriction
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almost 200 mph. It was equipped wit
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The specially designed B-29 carried
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Swept-back wings of a jet aircraft
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As technology got better, systems g
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Despite US participation, the civil
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nationwide saw the ugliness of war.
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Vietnamese forces. Enemy supply lin
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nothing could destroy that bridge.
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As a result, both countries created
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This is what led to the development
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superiority fighters flew for over
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were going to attack the targets at
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Iraq Iraq Iraq Iraq Iraq Counteratt
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The poor Iraqi performance can be a
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� Cold War � National Security
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27. On August 7, 1964, Congress pas
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XB XB XB-70 -70 -70 -70 -70 The X-1
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een overshadowed by rearward-swept
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164 The X-33 Advanced Technology De
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Air Force as the C-135. It was foll
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The Boeing 777’s “Glass Cockpit
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Navajo Navajo Navajo Navajo Navajo
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Chapter Chapter 7 7 - - - Basic Bas
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Chapter Chapter 7 7 7 - - Basic Bas
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Chapter Chapter 7 7 7 - - Basic Bas
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Chapter Chapter 7 7 - - Basic Basic
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Chapter Chapter 8 8 - - - Air Aircr
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Chapter Chapter 8 8 - - Air Aircraf
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Chapter Chapter 9 9 - - - Flight Fl
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Chapter Chapter 9 9 - - Flight Flig
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Chapter Chapter Chapter 9 9 - - Fli
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The The Airport Airport Airports co
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Control Control Control Control Con
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quick white flashes. This differenc
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MATCHING 1.Match the terms: a. runw
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airlines began flying more profitab
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produced in the greatest numbers. B
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Boeing Boeing Boeing Boeing Boeing
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percent more flights per day. Compa
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Swearingen Swearingen Swearingen Sw
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SELECT THE CORRECT ANSWER 1. The (7
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Since World War II, a number of tra
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etractable) landing gear. The Skyha
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290
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A hot air balloon takes off from th
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Racing Racing Racing Racing Racing
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SELECT THE CORRECT ANSWER 1. (Ultra
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In figuring the fuel efficiency of
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All of these aircraft carry a pilot
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However, remember during that hour
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The Canadair Challenger began as a
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commercial pilot certificate and an
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specially trained pilot then uses h
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5. Fill in the blanks with nontrans
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usually is able to carry either nuc
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aircraft. Weight is important becau
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capabilities. About the size of an
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Noncombatant Noncombatant Aircraf A
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OV-10A Bronco. This aircraft was sp
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MILITARY AIRCRAFT LETTER AND NUMBER
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C-17. The C-17 Globemaster III is t
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� combat aircraft � noncombat a
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15. To make up for the disadvantage
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Bell AH-1 HueyCobra. The AH-1 was d
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Sikorsky HH-3. Twin 1,500-horsepowe
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Companies supplying offshore oil pl
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Higher rotation speed and higher fo
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In war, there will always be situat
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Two methods are available for using
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In the 1980s, new technology, which
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7. Which of the following is not a
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maintenance of the airway system ov
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(transfer it) to another air traffi
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Center. The CAI operates the progra
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encouraging learning through its ma
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CAP Emergency Services 356 which we
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one of the largest airshows in the
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SELECT THE CORRECT ANSWER 1. The (F
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APTITUDES AND AEROSPACE CAREERS Apt
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paint certain surfaces of the prope
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the precombustion chamber is ignite
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atomized and sufficiently diffused
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FILL IN THE BLANKS 7. Rust and corr
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In this chapter, we will look at wh
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and inversely proportional to the s
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inclination constant, precesses slo
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Suppose the mission of a payload re
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Burnout of the propellant system wi
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Earth, always maintaining the same
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Other Other Other Other Other Copla
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same as the Earth’s period of rot
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The launch vehicles used by the mil
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� orbits � trajectories � ine
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Space. The Final Frontier. These ar
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Chapter Chapter 24 24 - - Space Spa
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Chapter Chapter 24 24 - - - Space S
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Chapter Chapter Chapter 24 24 - - S
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Chapter Chapter Chapter 24 24 - - S
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Chapter Chapter Chapter 24 24 - - -
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Chapter Chapter 25 25 - - Our Our S
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At the end of World War II, the tea
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Chapter Chapter 26 26 - - Unmanned
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Chapter Chapter Chapter 26 26 - - U
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Chapter Chapter Chapter 26 26 26 -
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Chapter Chapter 26 26 26 - - Unmann
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The space race between the United S
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Chapter Chapter 27 27 - - Manned Ma
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Chapter Chapter Chapter 27 27 - - M
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Chapter Chapter Chapter 27 27 - - M
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27. Tonkin Gulf Resolution, Johnson
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13. training routes 14. true course
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CHAPTER 16 1. CAB 2. FSS 3. NAFEC 4
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CHAPTER 21 1. Gravity 2. Galileo 3.
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9. Weather—A, C, E, G; Multi-Spec
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Aurora australis - colored lights,
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D Dead reckoning - involves the sys
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Haze - a concentration of water vap
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Magnetic course - the course accord
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Prime meridian - the great circle l
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Strategic airlift - transportation
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Weather - the day-to-day changes in
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C-54, 118, 124 C-69, 124 C-130 Herc
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VS 300, 63 X-1, 129,176 X-15, 159-1
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Eichstadt, Konrad 445 Eighth Air Fo
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Manning, Captain Harry, 9 Mannock,
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soaring, 292-293 solar radiation 39
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This textbook was jointly produced
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