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55th Meeting of the Polish Botanical Society, Warsaw 2010 PLANTS ANd BOTANY ArOUNd THE MEdITErrA- NEAN – UNIFOrM Or MANIFOLd? Greuter Werner. Freie Universität Berlin, Botanical Garden and Botanical Museum Berlin-Dahlem, 6– 8 Königin-Luise Str., D-14195 Berlin, Germany, w.greuter@bgbm.org Mediterranean plants share unique, characteristic features, at the same time the Mediterranean flora is inexhaustibly rich and diverse. Homogeneity and diversity, depending on the point of view, are common though apparently contradictory features of the World’s five Mediterranean-climate domains. This presentation, based on my personal endeavours of a lifetime, will focus on some aspects of our botanical knowledge of the Mediterranean area. Botany as a science, and many of its basic notions, have their roots within the Mediterranean area. But how well do we know Mediterranean plants? After 30 years of collective efforts, the synthetic critical inventory known as Med-Checklist is only two-thirds complete. At the same time, new species and even genera continue to be described. Some (a minority) were discovered and collected only recently; others were known but had been overlooked or misinterpreted; many are part of critical, polymorphic groups that were (and often still are) not properly understood. However, defining and making an inventory of the taxa is not the whole story. We also want to know the reasons for the observed diversity, its genesis and patterns. We are interested in understanding and, ideally, checking the threats which that diversity currently faces, the risks and rates of impoverishment. And in order to better protect the threatened taxa against these risks, we want to know more about the way in which the plants live and survive within the constraints of their physical environment, embedded in their biological communities. Studies of biological subsistence of populations and individuals, while still in their infancy, are badly needed. To conclude, mention will be made of another aspect of Mediterranean diversity: of the botanists studying Mediterranean plants. They, too, face common needs, operate under similar constraints, and share many interests and goals. An international organisation, known as OPTIMA, has been created for their benefit. BrM-CONTAINING SWI/SNF CHrOMATIN rEMOd- ELING COMPLEx IN ArAbidoPsis MOdULATES GIBBErELLIN SIGNALING BY dIrECT BINdING TO dELLA PrOTEINS Jerzmanowski Andrzej* 1,2 , Prymakowska-Bosak Marta* 1,2 , Archacki Rafał1 , Buszewicz daniel2 , Sarnowski Tomasz2 , Sarnowska Elżbieta 3 , Prączko Ilona1 , Palusiński Antoni1 , Chomiela Katarzyna1 , rolicka Anna1 , Bucior Ernest1 , davies Seth3 . 1Warsaw University, Laboratory of Plant Molecular Biology, 1 Miecznikowa St., 02-106 Warsaw, Poland, andyj@ ibb.waw.pl; marta@ibb.waw.pl; 2Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Polish Academy of Sciences, Pawińskiego 5A, 02-106 Warsaw, Poland, andyj@ibb.waw.pl; marta@ibb.waw.pl; 3Max-Planck Institut für Züchtungsforschung, Carl-von-Linné- Weg 10, D-50829 Köln, Germany, davis@mpiz-koeln.mpg.de; *Authors with equal contribution In animals, SWI/SNF-type chromatin remodeling complexes built of conserved core subunits including Snf2-type ATPase, SNF5- and a dimer of SWI3-type proteins, have been shown to play a role in hormonal signaling pathways by directly interacting with hormonal receptors. We used genetic, biochemical and microscopic analyses to see if BRM-containing SWI/SNF complex in Arabidopsis, interacted physically and functionally with GA signaling pathway. We showed by yeast-two-hybrid assays that ATSWI3B, one of the potential partners of ATSWI3C subunit in SWI/SNF complex, interacted with Arabidopsis DELLA proteins. We confirmed this result by pull-down assay with recombinant Arabidopsis RGL1 protein. We showed that the interactions also occur in vivo by performing FRET analy- 10 sis of ATSWI3B and DELLA proteins. We also confirmed that ATSWI3B is a stable component of a BRM-containing complex in vivo, using a co-immunoprecipitation assay with Arabidopsis nuclear protein extracts. The results of genetic analyses indicated that BRM interacted functionally with DELLA-dependent regulatory pathways. The results of chromatin immuno-precipitation assays showed that some of the GA-pathway genes are directly associated with BRM. This suggests a model in which BRM/ATSWI3B-containing SWI/SNF chromatin remodeling activity and DELLA, act in a common complex to control the expression of these genes. THE ENdEMISM PHENOMENON IN POLISH FLOrA Mirek Zbigniew 1 , Piękoś-Mirkowa Halina 2 . 1 Polish Academy of Sciences, W. Szafer Institute of Botany, 46 Lubicz St., 31-512 Cracow, Poland, z.mirek@botany.pl; 2 Polish Academy of Sciences, Institute of Nature Conservation, 33 A. Mickiewicza Av., 31-120 Cracow, Poland Endemism is one of the key issues in phytogeography. Extensive research on endemism in Polish vascular plant flora has been carried out by S. Pawłowska at the Cracow botanical centre. S. Pawłowska wrote papers in 1953, 1960, and 1972. B. Pawłowski analysed the Carpathian and Alpine endemism in his work from 1972. Since that time no major work was published until the series of recent publications by Piękoś-Mirkowa, Mirek 2003, 2009; Mirek, Piękoś-Mirkowa 2009. These recent publications were about the Polish Carpathians or the entire territory of Poland. Since the publication of the first relevant works, the number of species and subspecies considered as endemic has grown considerably. This is mainly due to changes resulting from the significant progress in taxonomical and phytogeographical studies. Our latest research allowed us to confirm the presence of as many as 170 endemic taxa – 130 as species and 40 as subspecies. Taxa with their total range confined to Polish territory (such as Cochlearia polonica) were included here, as well as those endemic taxa which exceeded Polish borders (e.g. the pan-Carpathian endemics occurring also in Poland). Within the group of endemic taxa in a wider sense, a few of subendemics were also included. A modified classification of endemics and subendemics was proposed, including two subelements (within Central-European element) with further subdivisions: A. Central-European Mountain Subelement a. Carpathian endemics and subendemics (Endemics and subendemics of the Carpathian Mts) – 109 species and subspecies b. Sudetian endemics and subendemics (Endemics and subendemics of the Sudety Mts) – 33 species and subspecies B. Central-European Lowland Subelement a. Central-Polish Lowland endemics and subendemics – 18 species and subspecies b. Baltic seashore endemics and subendemics – 7 species and subspecies c. Polish Highland endemics and subendemics – 3 species Carpathian endemics were subdivided into: (i) pan-Carpathian, (ii) West-Carpathian and East-Carpathian, (iii) Tatra Mts, (iv) Pieniny Mts, (v) Babia Góra Mt., (vi) East- and West-Carpathian, and (vii) East- and South-Carpathian. Similarly the Sudetian were divided into: (i) pan-Sudetian, (ii) West-Sudetian, (iii) East-Sudetian, (iv) Central-Sudetian, (v) Karkonosze Mts, (vi) Śnieżnik massif, and (vii) Góry Izerskie Mts endemics and subendemics. The vertical range, biotope and phytocoenosis characteristics and the general range maps, for all 170 taxa, were provided. The maps were analysed to characterize general distribution patterns that served as a basis for the above mentioned classification. A synthetic map of the “endemic richness” of Poland was also presented. It clearly shows that the Carpathians is the richest region of endemics in the country. The richest area of endemics is in the Tatra Mts, where almost 90 endemic and subendemic species and subspecies occur.
TENSOr ASPECTS OF THE PLANT OrGAN GrOWTH – in silico STUdIES Nakielski Jerzy. University of Silesia, Department of Biophysics and Morphogenesis of Plants, 28 Jagiellońska St., 40-032 Katowice, Poland, jerzy.nakielski@us.edu.pl Plant organs grow symplastically, i.e. in a continuous and coordinated way. Such growth is of a tensor nature [1]. The field of growth rates of the organ is of the tensor type. Therefore, at every point, unless growth is isotropic, there are three mutually orthogonal principal directions of growth (PDGs), along which the linear growth rate attains extreme values (maximal, minimal and of a saddle type). The PDGs are a natural source of directional information specific for a given position. They may be useful to “properly” orient cell divisions. Hejnowicz [2, 3] postulated that cells divide with respect to PDGs. A division wall typically lies in the plane defined by two such directions, i.e. it is perpendicular to the third PDG. Tensor properties of the growth manifest themselves in cellular pattern. In a cell wall system of root and shoot apices observed in the axial or transverse section, cell walls arranged in a zigzag are the result of the shapes of individual cells. Cell walls can be satisfactorily described by two families of regular, mutually orthogonal lines known as periclines and anticlines. These lines preserve their orthogonal intersections during growth. Furthermore, new walls formed during cell division are mostly either periclinal or anticlinal. The periclines and anticlines represent PDG trajectories [2]. This may indicate that cells must be somehow able to detect directional cues included in PDGs and obey them in the course of cell divisions. The field of the growth rates of a given organ can be conveniently described mathematically by the second rang operator called the growth tensor, GT [1]. Based on the knowledge of GT, the simulation models for growth in which cells divide with respect to PDGs, have been formulated [4, 5]. By use of such models virtual organs are generated. They offer wide possibilities of in silico studies. Such models prove especially interesting in the case of developmental processes difficult or not amenable for experiments or microscopic observation. The results of GT-based modeling of the growth of two organs: the root apex, on the example of Arabidopsis thaliana, and the petal, on the example of Antirrhinum majus, will be presented. The root apex typically grows steadily maintaining its shape in time. During the growth period, the growth cellular pattern can be considered as self-perpetuating [5]. The petal, in contrast, grows unsteadily changing its size and shape [6]. Such changes obviously affect cellular pattern. This is especially true in the early stages of development. However, both of these very different types of growth have the same biophysical basis resulting from the tensor nature of the symplastic growth. How the GT field may control growth at the organ level can be seen using computer simulations. These simulations will focus our attention on the tensor properties of the growth, particularly those related to PDGs. With the use of simulations we are trying to illustrate the influence of these directions on cell wall pattern during steady and unsteady growth. [1] Hejnowicz Z, Romberger JA. 1984. Growth tensor of plant organs. J Theor Biol 110: 93– 114. [2] Hejnowicz Z. 1984. Trajectories of principal growth directions. Natural coordinate system in plant growth. Acta Soc Bot Pol 53: 29– 42. [3] Hejnowicz Z. 1989. Differential growth resulting in the specification of different types of cellular architecture in root meristems. Environ Exp Bot 29: 85– 93. [4] Nakielski J., 2000. Tensorial model for growth and cell division in the shoot apex. In: Pattern formation in biology, vision and dynamics. A. Carbone, M. Gromov, P. Prusinkiewicz, Eds., World Scientific Publ. Company, Singapore, pp: 252– 628. [5] Nakielski J. 2008. The tensor-based model for growth and cell divisions of the root apex. I. The significance of principal directions. Planta 228: 179– 189. Plenary session [6] Rolland-Lagan A.G., Bangham J.A., Coen E.S., 2003. Growth dynamics underlying petal shape and asymmetry. Nature 422 (6928): 161– 163. LINKING TrEE TrAITS TO ECOSYSTEM PrOCESSES ANd PrOPErTIES Oleksyn Jacek 1 , reich Peter B. 2 , Hobbie Sarah E. 3 , Eissenstat david M. 4 , Kasprowicz Marek 5 . 1 Polish Academy of Sciences, Institute of Dendrology, 5 Parkowa St., 62-035 Kórnik, Poland, oleks001@umn.edu; 2 University of Minnesota, Department of Forest Resources, St. Paul, MN 5508, USA, preich@ umn.edu; 3 University of Minnesota, Department of Ecology, Evolution and Behavior, St Paul, MN 55108, USA, shobbie@ umn.edu; 4 The Pennsylvania State University, Department of Horticulture, University Park, PA 16802, USA, dme9@psu.edu, 5 Adam Mickiewicz University, Department of Plant Ecology and Environmental Protection, 89 Umultowska St., Poznań, Poland, mkas@amu.edu.pl The influence of plant species on microclimate, diversity of understory plants, litter decomposition, soil properties, mezofauna and fungi is widely recognized. The rate and magnitude of such effects, however, remain poorly documented. Given major historical shifts in plant composition globally, these effects have widespread impacts. In natural forest stands, though, it is difficult to separate the response of species to soils, from the effects of species on soils. A unique opportunity to avoid the confounding effects exists in “common garden“ experiments. These are experiments where climate, parent material, time, water table, topography and previous land use are held constant. Direct comparisons and statistical inference of the effects of species on ecosystems are then allowed to be made. However, such studies have been rare and have mixed results. This is perhaps due to the limited number of species compared. To assess the effects of tree species traits on ecosystem processes and properties, we measured plant and soil attributes in a replicated long-term field experiment. Fourteen temperate tree species (Abies alba, Acer platanoides, A. pseudoplatanus, Betula pendula, Carpinus betulus, Fagus sylvatica, Larix decidua, Picea abies, Pinus nigra, P. sylvestris, Pseudotsuga menziesii, Quercus robur, Q. rubra, and Tilia cordata) were planted in 1970– 1971 by Prof. S. Szymański in replicated monoculture plots located at the Siemianice Experimental Forest, in western Poland. We hypothesized that different tree species would differ in litter traits and associated effects on soils. More importantly, we hypothesized that species differences in litter N, lignin and Ca would cause divergence in soil properties from the initial conditions. Effects of different species on soil would have a common origin as identified by similar relations of plant traits and soil factors. We observed rapid (within three decades) and extensive changes in soils beneath different tree species. Effect of trees on soils was both direct through the chemistry of their litter and indirect through the effect of their litter on detritivores, including earthworms. Litter Ca varied significantly among tree species (from 4 for Pinus nigra to 22 mg g -1 for Tilia cordata). Litter Ca appears to be a critical and general agent in these processes. Its variation led to a similar divergence in soils among species within the gymnosperm and angiosperm groups, as well as across them. The effect of tree species on leaf litter decomposition was mainly affected by intraspecific differences in litter lignin (and perhaps Ca) and soil temperatures that explain much of the variation in species effects on microbial decomposition rates. Strong differences among species in forest floor dynamics were overwhelmingly related to differences in leaf-litter Ca that are driven, in turn, by differences in the abundance of earthworms (mainly Lumbricus terrestris). Ca-rich species like Tilia cordata and Acer spp. exhibited rapid forest floor removal related to high earthworm abundance. Species like Abies alba, Picea abies, and Pinus spp. exhibited accumulation of a substantial forest floor mass and are associated with low earthworm abundance. Litter 11
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forest communities, which took plac
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History of Botany
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Lichenology
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in vitro CULTUrING OF THE MYCOBIONT
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undescribed species outside of Euro
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Plant Tissue Cultures
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one week intervals for 9 weeks. 3)
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taxon. This plant contains secondar
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Pteridology
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