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74 Christensen, T.R. (1993): Methane emission from Arctic Tundra, Biogeochemistry 21, 117-139. Christensen, T.R., Friborg, T., Sommerkorn, M., Kaplan, J., Illeries, L., Soegaard, H., Nordstroem, C., Jonasson, S. (2000): Trace gas exchange in a high-arctic valley 1. Variations in CO2 and CH4 flux between tundra vegetation types. Global Geochemical Cycles 14, 701-713. Christensen, T.R., Prentice, I.C., Kaplan, J., Haxeltine, A., Sitch, S. (1996): Methane flux from northern wetlands and tundra: An ecosystem source modelling approach. Tellus Ser. B 48B, 651-660. Cremer, H., Melles, M., Wagner, B. (2001a): Holocene climate changes reflected in a diatom succession from Basaltsø, East Greenland. Canadian Journal of Botany 79, 649-656. Cremer, H., Wagner, B., Melles, M., Hubberten, H.-W. (2001b): The postglacial environmental development of Raffles Sø, East Greenland: Inferences from a 10,000 year diatom record. Journal of Paleolimnology 26, 67-87. Douglas, M.S.V., Smol, J.P. (1999): Freshwater diatoms as indicators of environmental change in the High Arctic. In: E.F. Stoermer and J.P. Smol, The Diatoms. Applications for the Environmental and Earth Sciences. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 227-244. Foged, N. (1955) Diatoms from Peary Land, North Greenland, collected by Kjeld Holmen. Meddelelser om Grønland 128, 1-90. Foged, N. (1989) The subfossil diatom flora of four geographically widely separated cores in Greenland. Meddelelser om Grønland Bioscience 30, 1–75. Funder, S. (1978): Holocene stratigraphy and vegetation history in the Scoresby Sund area, East Greenland. Grønlands Geologiske Undersøgelse Bulletin No. 129, 66 pp. Funder, S. (1989): Quaternary geology of the ice free areas and adjacent shelves of Greenland. In: R.J. Fulton (Ed.), Quaternary Geology of Canada and Greenland. Geological Survey of Canada, Toronto, pp. 743-792. Funder, S., Hjort, C. (1973): Aspects of the Weichselian chronology in central East Greenland. Boreas 2, 69-84. Funder, S., Hjort, C., Landvik, J.Y., Nam, S.-I., Reeh, N., Stein, R. (1998): History of a Stable Ice- Margin - East Greenland during the Middle and Upper Pleistocene. Quaternary Science Reviews 17, 77-123. Fung, I., John, J., Lerner, J., Matthews, E., Prather, M., Steele, L.P., Fraser, P.J. (1991): Threedimensional model synthesis of the global methane cycle. Journal of Geophysical Research 96, 13,033-13,065. Hjort, C. (1979): Glaciation in northern East Greenland during the Late Weichselian and Early Flandrian. Boreas 8, 281-296. Hjort, C. (1981): A glacial chronology for northern East Greenland. Boreas 10, 259-274. Hjort, C., Björck, S. (1984): A re-evaluated glacial chronology for northern East Greenland. Geologiska Föreningens i Stockholm Förhandlingar 105, 235-243. Jensen, A.S. (1917): Quaternary fossils collected by the Danmark Expedition. Meddelelser om Grønland 43, 11, 11 pp. Moosavi, S.C., Crill, P.M. (1997): Controls on CH4 and CO2 emissions along two moisture gradients in the Canadian boreal zone. Journal of Geophysical Research 102, 29,261-29,277. Round, F.E., Crawford, R.M., Mann, D.G. (1990): The Diatoms. Biology and Morphology of the Genera. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge. Silvola, J., Alm, J., Ahlholm, U., Nykänen, H., Martikainen, P.J. (1996): CO2 fluxes from peat in boreal Stoermer, E.F. and Smol, J.P. (1999): The Diatoms. Applications for the Environmental and Earth Sciences. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge. Svensson, B.H., Christensen, T.R., Johansson, E., Öquist, M. (1999): Interdecadal variations in CO2 and CH4 exchange of a subarctic mire – Stordalen revisited after 20 years, Oikos 85, 22-30. Wagner, B., Melles, M. (2001): A Holocene seabird record from Raffles Sø sediments, East Greenland, in response to climatic and oceanic changes. Boreas 30, 228-239. Wagner, B., Melles, M. (2002): Holocene environmental history of western Ymer Ø, East Greenland, inferred from lake sediments. Quaternary International 89, 165-176. Wagner, B., Melles, M., Hahne, J., Niessen, F., Hubberten, H.-W. (2000): Holocene climate history of Geographical Society Ø, East Greenland - evidence from lake sediments. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology 160, 45-68. Wagner, D., Kobabe, S., Pfeiffer, E.-M., Hubberten, H.-W. (2003): Microbial controls on methane fluxes from a polygonal tundra of the Lena Delta, Siberia. Permafrost Periglac. Process. 14, 173- 185. Whalen, S.C., Reeburgh, W.S. (1990): A methane flux transect along the Trans-Alaska Pipeline Haul Road, Tellus, Ser B 42B, 237-249.
7 Flow through Fram Strait Eberhard Fahrbach, Agnieszka, Beszczynska-Möller, Kerstin Fieg, Matthias Monsees, Harald Rohr, Ekkehard Schütt, Judith Sprenger, Andreas Wisotzki and Timo Witte Background Exchanges between the North Atlantic and the Arctic Ocean result in the most dramatic water mass conversions in the World Ocean: warm and saline Atlantic waters, flowing through the Nordic Seas into the Arctic Ocean, are modified by cooling, freezing and melting to become shallow fresh waters, ice and saline deep waters. The outflow from the Nordic Seas to the south provides the initial driving of the global thermohaline circulation cell. Knowledge of these fluxes and understanding of the modification processes is a major prerequisite for the quantification of the rate of overturning within the large circulation cells of the Arctic and the Atlantic Oceans, and is also a basic requirement for understanding the role of these ocean areas in climate variability on interannual to decadal time scales. The Fram Strait represents the only deep connection between the Arctic Ocean and the Nordic Seas. Just as the freshwater transport from the Arctic Ocean is of major influence on convection in the Nordic Seas and further south, the transport of warm and saline Atlantic water affects the water mass characteristics in the Arctic Ocean which has consequences for the internal circulation and possibly influences also ice and atmosphere. The complicated topographic structure of the Fram Strait leads to a splitting of the West Spitsbergen Current carrying Atlantic Water northward into at least three branches. One current branch follows the shelf edge and enters the Arctic Ocean north of Svalbard. This part has to cross the Yermak Plateau which poses a sill for the flow with a depth of approximately 700 m. A second branch flows northward along the north-western slope of the Yermak Plateau and the third one recirculates immediately in Fram Strait at about 79°N. Evidently, the size and strength of the different branches largely determine the input of oceanic heat to the inner Arctic Ocean. The East Greenland Current, carrying water from the Arctic Ocean southwards has a concentrated core above the continental slope. It is our aim to measure the oceanic fluxes through Fram Strait and to determine their variability in seasonal to decadal time scales. Since 1997, year-round velocity, temperature and salinity measurements are carried out in Fram Strait with moored instruments. Hydrographic sections exist since 1980. Through a combination of both data sets estimates of mass, heat and salt fluxes through the strait are provided. Fluxes of nutrients and tracers like the oxygen isotope O 18 could only be obtained occasionally. From 1997 to 2000 intensive fieldwork occurred in the framework of the European Union project "VEINS" (Variability of Exchanges in Northern Seas). After the end of VEINS it was maintained under national programmes. Since 2003, the work is carried out as part of the international Programme “ASOF” (Arctic-Sub arctic Ocean Flux Study) and is partly funded in the ASOF-N project by the European Union “Energy, Environment and Sustainable Development” Programme as Proposal 75
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the Expedition ARKTIS-XIX/4 of the
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1 Cruise summary W. Jokat The exped
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6 1.1 Wetterverlauf ARK XIX/4a Bei
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8 noch vor der Küste, fern davon a
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10 northerly wind increased steadil
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12 In the latest stages of the proj
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Profile Date/Time Start Date/Time T
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Station Typ Extra Lat Long Höhe [m
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Station Typ Extra Lat Long Höhe [m
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Date Flight Start Time End Time No
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Date Flight Start Time End Time No
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Page 32 and 33: 30 Preliminary results Along profil
Page 34 and 35: 32 In addition to the deep seismic
Page 36 and 37: 34 Fig. 2-5: Flight statistics for
Page 38 and 39: 36 Fig. 3-1: Seafloor topography of
Page 40 and 41: 38 In total, the PARASOUND system o
Page 42 and 43: 40 Figure 4.1-3: Example of PARASOU
Page 44 and 45: 42 Station Latitude Longitude Date
Page 46 and 47: 44 After PCR was finished, samples
Page 48 and 49: 46 Potsdam Lake (Shannon Island) Sc
Page 50 and 51: 48 In den Schmelzwassertümpeln kon
Page 52 and 53: Temp. Sal. Tiefe max. Tiefe Trübe
Page 54 and 55: 52 Store Koldewey Store Koldewey is
Page 56 and 57: 54 In the shallow ponds the hydrolo
Page 58 and 59: 56 The low amounts of solubles in t
Page 60 and 61: 58 lake core no. latitude longitude
Page 62 and 63: 60 6.3 Diatom phytoplankton and phy
Page 64 and 65: 62 Generally, all sampled benthic s
Page 66 and 67: 64 shaped profile at the top were i
Page 68 and 69: 66 depth horizon description sample
Page 70 and 71: 68 measured in the field, and the c
Page 72 and 73: 70 Summary of results The summit pl
Page 74 and 75: 72 Pre-Holocene shell material Pre-
Page 78 and 79: 76 No EVK2-2001-00215 (ASOF-N). The
Page 80 and 81: 78 Altimeters Model 2110-2, SN 189
Page 82 and 83: 80 Mooring Latitude Longitude Water
Page 84 and 85: 82 Mooring Latitude Longitude Water
Page 86 and 87: 84 30° W 20° W 30° W Greenland 2
Page 88 and 89: Fig. 7-4: Vertical transects of pot
Page 90 and 91: 88 8 Bericht zur akustischen Vermes
Page 92 and 93: 90 Quality control sheet - Profile
Page 94 and 95: 92 Quality control sheet - Profile
Page 96 and 97: Station List Station Date Time Posi
Page 98 and 99: Station Date Time PositionLat Posit
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142 Beteiligte Institutionen / Part
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144 Fahrtteilnehmer / Participants
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