In Pursuit of the Gene

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REDISCOVERY © 117 tance and later applied to basset hound coat color, Bateson acknowledged, the law seemed to work remarkably well. However, Pearson had given Galton’s law a major overhaul in 1898, so that it now allowed for the effects of natural selection to alter the mean of a character as it was passed down the generations. In his paper, Pearson downplayed the significance of this change, which was very much at odds with Galton’s views on the discontinuity of evolution. Instead, he emphasized the fact that the modified law still applied to discrete or “alternate” inheritance, as exemplified by the case of tricolor or “lemon and white” coat color in basset hounds that Galton had first studied, as well as to continuous characters like human stature. “On the whole,” Pearson had written, “the confirmation obtained from stature data for the law of ancestral heredity is very striking; I am inclined to think even more convincing than obtainable from the basset hounds.” 32 On January 1, 1900, Pearson published a revision of the already revised ancestral law of inheritance, which was, like the first paper on the same subject, dedicated to Galton. In his new paper Pearson backtracked, claiming that his 1898 law had applied only to the case of blending inheritance but not to the discrete case. 33 Although mathematics had always been his weakest subject, Bateson did not fail to appreciate that there was something soft about Pearson’s socalled hard mathematical analysis, pointing out that it was the discrete case of coat color inheritance that the ancestral law had so wonderfully explained in the first place. 34 While he had allowed that the law might still apply in cases of Mendelian inheritance, 35 Bateson could not resist satirizing Pearson’s equivocations, writing: “The Law of Ancestral Heredity after the glorious launch in 1898 has been brought home for a complete refit. The top-hamper is cut down and the vessel altogether more manageable; indeed she looks trimmed for most weathers.” 36 Later that year, Pearson’s brilliant disciple G. Udny Yule pointed out that there was no fundamental contradiction between the two points of view. While strictly speaking it was true that it was only the particular structural characters, or genes, as they would soon be known, possessed by the parents that could affect the offspring, it was also true that an individual’s ancestry provided the best estimate of that individual’s genetic composition. Yule’s insight fell on deaf ears. 37
[To view this image, refer to the print version of this title.] ¬Karl Pearson and Francis Galton, age 87. From Karl Pearson, The Life of Francis Galton, vol. 3A (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1930), plate 36, after p. 352.
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IN PURSUIT OF THE GENE
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To my wife, Ann Hochschild, whose u
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ILLUSTRATIONS Charles Darwin and Fr
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PREFACE ¨ SCIENCE IS FUNDAMENTALLY
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PREFACE © xi diana University, and
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PREFACE © xiii each of the more co
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CHAPTER 1 Viva Pangenesis ¨ IN THE
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VIVA PANGENESIS © 3 ber of small d
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VIVA PANGENESIS © 5 sumption that
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VIVA PANGENESIS © 7 university car
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VIVA PANGENESIS © 9 banish obsessi
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VIVA PANGENESIS © 11 Military Coll
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VIVA PANGENESIS © 13 tions of pang
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VIVA PANGENESIS © 15 Still playing
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VIVA PANGENESIS © 17 Although Galt
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VIVA PANGENESIS © 19 and Louisa tr
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VIVA PANGENESIS © 21 tion]. What l
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CHAPTER 2 Reversion to the Mean ¨
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REVERSION TO THE MEAN © 25 a price
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REVERSION TO THE MEAN © 27 the pop
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REVERSION TO THE MEAN © 29 In fact
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REVERSION TO THE MEAN © 31 jects h
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[To view this image, refer to the p
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REVERSION TO THE MEAN © 37 regular
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REVERSION TO THE MEAN © 41 self ha
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REVERSION TO THE MEAN © 43 cape re
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CHAPTER 3 Galton’s Disciples ¨ I
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GALTON’S DISCIPLES © 47 In the s
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GALTON’S DISCIPLES © 49 fection
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GALTON’S DISCIPLES © 51 treme va
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GALTON’S DISCIPLES © 53 popular
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GALTON’S DISCIPLES © 55 species
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GALTON’S DISCIPLES © 57 see the
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GALTON’S DISCIPLES © 59 ety meet
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GALTON’S DISCIPLES © 61 that no
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GALTON’S DISCIPLES © 63 lished r
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GALTON’S DISCIPLES © 65 lights m
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Page 85 and 86: 70 ¨ PANGENES he took a position a
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Page 95 and 96: 80 ¨ PANGENES tical study of the l
Page 97 and 98: 82 ¨ PANGENES ber,” which posite
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Page 103 and 104: 88 ¨ MENDEL younger Mendel having
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168 ¨ SEX CHROMOSOMES dicated that
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170 ¨ SEX CHROMOSOMES to all previ
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172 ¨ SEX CHROMOSOMES and set them
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174 ¨ SEX CHROMOSOMES bryology had
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176 ¨ SEX CHROMOSOMES loid set of
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178 ¨ SEX CHROMOSOMES next summer
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180 ¨ SEX CHROMOSOMES first explai
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182 ¨ SEX CHROMOSOMES somes, givin
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186 ¨ THE FLY ROOM sity worked tog
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188 ¨ THE FLY ROOM world-renowned
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190 ¨ THE FLY ROOM ress in the Stu
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192 ¨ THE FLY ROOM near one anothe
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194 ¨ THE FLY ROOM would often lea
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196 ¨ THE FLY ROOM when he took Mo
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198 ¨ THE FLY ROOM more convenient
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200 ¨ THE FLY ROOM most extreme ca
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202 ¨ THE FLY ROOM to the extent t
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204 ¨ THE FLY ROOM responsible for
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206 ¨ THE FLY ROOM but theoretical
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CHAPTER 11 Oenothera Reconsidered
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OENOTHERA RECONSIDERED © 211 winge
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OENOTHERA RECONSIDERED © 213 succe
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OENOTHERA RECONSIDERED © 215 tatio
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OENOTHERA RECONSIDERED © 217 compl
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OENOTHERA RECONSIDERED © 219 outcr
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CHAPTER 12 X-Rays ¨ WITH THE RESOL
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X-RAYS © 223 through, due to the i
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X-RAYS © 225 Suddenly Muller jumpe
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X-RAYS © 227 C � B experiments a
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X-RAYS © 229 Bateson’s plenary a
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X-RAYS © 231 Bateson’s famous fo
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X-RAYS © 233 Cramped, noisy, overh
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X-RAYS © 235 ing. “It was funny
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X-RAYS © 237 birth of the baby, wh
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X-RAYS © 239 spontaneous lethals (
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X-RAYS © 241 the Fifth Internation
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CHAPTER 13 Triumph of the Modern Ge
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TRIUMPH OF THE MODERN GENE © 245 D
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TRIUMPH OF THE MODERN GENE © 247 l
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TRIUMPH OF THE MODERN GENE © 249 w
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TRIUMPH OF THE MODERN GENE © 251 t
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+ + B f B f + B B fu + B B + f + TR
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TRIUMPH OF THE MODERN GENE © 255 f
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TRIUMPH OF THE MODERN GENE © 259 F
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TRIUMPH OF THE MODERN GENE © 263 O
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TRIUMPH OF THE MODERN GENE © 265 m
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TRIUMPH OF THE MODERN GENE © 269 p
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TRIUMPH OF THE MODERN GENE © 271 p
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TRIUMPH OF THE MODERN GENE © 273 s
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EPILOGUE ¨ IN FEBRUARY 1944, Oswal
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locks were laid down that accounted
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EPILOGUE © 281 In November 1951, W
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EPILOGUE © 283 The discovery in 19
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EPILOGUE © 285 characterization of
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EPILOGUE © 287 master gene on chro
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EPILOGUE © 289 the genome could be
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NOTES ACKNOWLEDGMENTS INDEX
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294 ¨ NOTES TO PAGES 4-8 help in p
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296 ¨ NOTES TO PAGES 19-28 58. Let
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298 ¨ NOTES TO PAGES 36-42 35. Let
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300 ¨ NOTES TO PAGES 50-58 F.R.S.
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302 ¨ NOTES TO PAGES 70-81 2. Ibid
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304 ¨ NOTES TO PAGES 84-89 27. Ibi
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306 ¨ NOTES TO PAGES 93-95 29. The
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308 ¨ NOTES TO PAGES 106-111 (1900
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310 ¨ NOTES TO PAGES 114-120 24. I
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312 ¨ NOTES TO PAGES 125-132 15. A
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318 ¨ NOTES TO PAGES 157-160 38. M
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320 ¨ NOTES TO PAGES 167-171 6. Ib
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324 ¨ NOTES TO PAGES 182-186 of Tw
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326 ¨ NOTES TO PAGES 190-192 multi
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330 ¨ NOTES TO PAGES 202-210 Franc
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332 ¨ NOTES TO PAGES 213-215 13. I
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334 ¨ NOTES TO PAGES 218-222 28. B
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336 ¨ NOTES TO PAGES 225-228 14. T
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338 ¨ NOTES TO PAGES 235-239 “Ob
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340 ¨ NOTES TO PAGES 245-254 9. H.
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342 ¨ NOTES TO PAGES 258-262 51. J
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344 ¨ NOTES TO PAGES 266-272 84. S
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346 ¨ NOTES TO PAGES 276-283 123.
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348 ¨ NOTES TO PAGES 288-289 Becau
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350 ¨ ACKNOWLEDGMENTS also deeply
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“Accessory Chromosome, The: Sex D
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ell curve. See normal distribution
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34, 50, 60-61; and study of plant m
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“fly room.” See Columbia Univer
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ics; evolution; gemmules; genes; hy
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y, 306n37; early life of, 87-88; fu
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222-223; Russian geneticists and, 2
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studies of, 79-85; Wichura and, 100
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Stalin, Joseph, 258, 262, 267, 269,
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In Pursuit of the Gene

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