In Pursuit of the Gene

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REVERSION TO THE MEAN © 37 regularities that publishing it would have been an invitation to question his model. Rather than risk creating doubts about the validity of the reversion theory, Galton decided to collect more data, this time primarily from human subjects. Human stature was a nearly ideal subject for a hereditary study. Not only was it normally distributed, as Quetelet had demonstrated, but it was nearly constant over the span of a lifetime and simple to measure. Furthermore, as height played no essential role in survival, natural selection was not likely to be involved in the survival rate of different height classes and thereby skew the inheritance pattern from one generation to the next. For nearly a decade, Galton was stymied by his inability to get a large enough sample size to do a statistically meaningful study of stature. Not for the first time, Galton’s family fortune came to the rescue. Offering generous prizes with a total value of 500 pounds to those subjects who did the best job in completing family histories, he soon had his data set. 38 The prizes were offered in 1883. By 1884 he had collected records of 930 adult children of 205 couples. 39 With the addition of the human data, Galton introduced his revamped theory of inheritance in three separate publications that appeared in 1885 and 1886. In the eight years since his Royal Institute lecture, Galton had achieved a new clarity about the nature of reversion. His first graph showing the degree of similarity between parent and offspring in peas had not made it into print. This time around the graph of parental versus offspring height took center stage. As in the unpublished graph of the pea data, parental heights were arranged in increasing order along the horizontal axis (see the graph). Above each of the parental height classes (called the “midparent value,” denoting the average of the two parents’ heights), he drew an open circle at the level corresponding to the average height of their adult children (the circles lying along the line labeled “Children”). Just as in the case of the peas, children deviated less from the average than their parents did. Tall parents have tall, but not as tall, children. Short parents produce short, but not as short, adult children.
38 ¨ REVERSION TO THE MEAN [To view this image, refer to the print version of this title.] Rate of regression in hereditary stature. From Francis Galton, “Regression towards Mediocrity in Hereditary Stature,” Anthropological Miscellanea: Journal of the Anthropological Institute of Great Britain and Ireland 15 (1886): 248. The new conceptual breakthrough had been to draw the straight line that best approximated the data points. This came to be known as the regression line. The slope of this line—the line on the graph labeled “Children”— measures how closely children resemble their parents. It is now called the regression coefficient. A line inclined at 45 degrees results if the adult children are on average identical to their parents. This is the line (with a slope of 1) labeled “Mid-parents.” The more closely progeny resemble the population mean and the less closely they resemble their own parents, the flatter the
Page 2: IN PURSUIT OF THE GENE
Page 5 and 6: To my wife, Ann Hochschild, whose u
Page 8 and 9: ILLUSTRATIONS Charles Darwin and Fr
Page 10 and 11: PREFACE ¨ SCIENCE IS FUNDAMENTALLY
Page 12 and 13: PREFACE © xi diana University, and
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Page 16 and 17: CHAPTER 1 Viva Pangenesis ¨ IN THE
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88 ¨ MENDEL younger Mendel having
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90 ¨ MENDEL lower grades. The phys
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100 ¨ MENDEL In the same paper, Me
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102 ¨ MENDEL sequestration if Mend
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[To view this image, refer to the p
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106 ¨ REDISCOVERY planning to publ
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108 ¨ REDISCOVERY which each pange
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110 ¨ REDISCOVERY installment of h
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112 ¨ REDISCOVERY one closely rese
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114 ¨ REDISCOVERY That winter, in
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116 ¨ REDISCOVERY only had Weldon
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120 ¨ MENDEL WARS Conference on Hy
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124 ¨ MENDEL WARS The final exchan
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126 ¨ MENDEL WARS [To view this im
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128 ¨ MENDEL WARS ing, and that wa
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130 ¨ MENDEL WARS ready proven him
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132 ¨ MENDEL WARS fused his offer,
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134 ¨ MENDEL WARS included a large
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136 ¨ MENDEL WARS mous studbook, w
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138 ¨ MENDEL WARS soon as he had f
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140 ¨ MENDEL WARS his research, Hu
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142 ¨ MENDEL WARS In February, Wel
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146 ¨ CELL BIOLOGY and Schleiden h
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148 ¨ CELL BIOLOGY [To view this i
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150 ¨ CELL BIOLOGY first noticed b
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152 ¨ CELL BIOLOGY generation. Thi
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154 ¨ CELL BIOLOGY tween nuclear d
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158 ¨ CELL BIOLOGY Although he mad
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160 ¨ CELL BIOLOGY [To view this i
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162 ¨ CELL BIOLOGY The clear depic
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166 ¨ SEX CHROMOSOMES were two kin
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168 ¨ SEX CHROMOSOMES dicated that
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172 ¨ SEX CHROMOSOMES and set them
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174 ¨ SEX CHROMOSOMES bryology had
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176 ¨ SEX CHROMOSOMES loid set of
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178 ¨ SEX CHROMOSOMES next summer
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180 ¨ SEX CHROMOSOMES first explai
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182 ¨ SEX CHROMOSOMES somes, givin
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186 ¨ THE FLY ROOM sity worked tog
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188 ¨ THE FLY ROOM world-renowned
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204 ¨ THE FLY ROOM responsible for
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206 ¨ THE FLY ROOM but theoretical
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CHAPTER 11 Oenothera Reconsidered
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OENOTHERA RECONSIDERED © 211 winge
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OENOTHERA RECONSIDERED © 213 succe
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OENOTHERA RECONSIDERED © 215 tatio
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OENOTHERA RECONSIDERED © 217 compl
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OENOTHERA RECONSIDERED © 219 outcr
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CHAPTER 12 X-Rays ¨ WITH THE RESOL
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X-RAYS © 223 through, due to the i
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X-RAYS © 225 Suddenly Muller jumpe
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X-RAYS © 227 C � B experiments a
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X-RAYS © 229 Bateson’s plenary a
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X-RAYS © 231 Bateson’s famous fo
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X-RAYS © 233 Cramped, noisy, overh
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X-RAYS © 235 ing. “It was funny
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X-RAYS © 237 birth of the baby, wh
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X-RAYS © 239 spontaneous lethals (
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X-RAYS © 241 the Fifth Internation
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CHAPTER 13 Triumph of the Modern Ge
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TRIUMPH OF THE MODERN GENE © 245 D
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TRIUMPH OF THE MODERN GENE © 247 l
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TRIUMPH OF THE MODERN GENE © 249 w
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TRIUMPH OF THE MODERN GENE © 251 t
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+ + B f B f + B B fu + B B + f + TR
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TRIUMPH OF THE MODERN GENE © 255 f
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TRIUMPH OF THE MODERN GENE © 259 F
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TRIUMPH OF THE MODERN GENE © 265 m
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TRIUMPH OF THE MODERN GENE © 269 p
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TRIUMPH OF THE MODERN GENE © 273 s
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EPILOGUE ¨ IN FEBRUARY 1944, Oswal
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locks were laid down that accounted
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EPILOGUE © 281 In November 1951, W
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EPILOGUE © 283 The discovery in 19
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EPILOGUE © 285 characterization of
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EPILOGUE © 287 master gene on chro
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EPILOGUE © 289 the genome could be
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NOTES ACKNOWLEDGMENTS INDEX
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294 ¨ NOTES TO PAGES 4-8 help in p
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296 ¨ NOTES TO PAGES 19-28 58. Let
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300 ¨ NOTES TO PAGES 50-58 F.R.S.
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302 ¨ NOTES TO PAGES 70-81 2. Ibid
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304 ¨ NOTES TO PAGES 84-89 27. Ibi
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306 ¨ NOTES TO PAGES 93-95 29. The
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308 ¨ NOTES TO PAGES 106-111 (1900
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310 ¨ NOTES TO PAGES 114-120 24. I
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340 ¨ NOTES TO PAGES 245-254 9. H.
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346 ¨ NOTES TO PAGES 276-283 123.
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348 ¨ NOTES TO PAGES 288-289 Becau
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350 ¨ ACKNOWLEDGMENTS also deeply
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“Accessory Chromosome, The: Sex D
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ell curve. See normal distribution
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34, 50, 60-61; and study of plant m
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“fly room.” See Columbia Univer
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ics; evolution; gemmules; genes; hy
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y, 306n37; early life of, 87-88; fu
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222-223; Russian geneticists and, 2
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studies of, 79-85; Wichura and, 100
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Stalin, Joseph, 258, 262, 267, 269,
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In Pursuit of the Gene

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