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L'introduction en Chine des techniques européennes de l ... - AFEC

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Les <strong>techniques</strong> europé<strong>en</strong>nes et l'industrie <strong>de</strong> la soie <strong>en</strong> <strong>Chine</strong><br />

Résumé<br />

MAU Chuan-Hui : <strong>L'introduction</strong> <strong>en</strong> <strong>Chine</strong> <strong><strong>de</strong>s</strong> <strong>techniques</strong> europé<strong>en</strong>nes <strong>de</strong> l'industrie<br />

<strong>de</strong> la soie, <strong>de</strong> la guerre <strong>de</strong> l'Opium au début du xx c siècle<br />

À la suite <strong>de</strong> la première guerre <strong>de</strong> l'Opium et la signature du traité <strong>de</strong> Nankin, la<br />

<strong>Chine</strong> comm<strong>en</strong>ce à s'ouvrir aux puissances occid<strong>en</strong>tales. La signature successive<br />

d'autres traités cause <strong>en</strong> <strong>Chine</strong> un changem<strong>en</strong>t <strong>de</strong> circonstances politiques et<br />

économiques qui provoque l'évolution <strong>de</strong> la p<strong>en</strong>sée chinoise. Cette étu<strong>de</strong> <strong>de</strong> synthèse<br />

t<strong>en</strong>te d'analyser les conséqu<strong>en</strong>ces <strong>de</strong> l'introduction <strong><strong>de</strong>s</strong> <strong>techniques</strong> europé<strong>en</strong>nes <strong>de</strong> la<br />

soie et les causes qui poussèr<strong>en</strong>t les Chinois à les adopter. Pourquoi les Chinois<br />

abandonnèr<strong>en</strong>t-ils la fierté <strong>de</strong> leur industrie traditionnelle et comm<strong>en</strong>t adoptèr<strong>en</strong>t-ils<br />

<strong><strong>de</strong>s</strong> <strong>techniques</strong> et <strong><strong>de</strong>s</strong> équipem<strong>en</strong>ts europé<strong>en</strong>s ? Cet article se prés<strong>en</strong>te <strong>en</strong> trois phases :<br />

I) <strong>de</strong> la première guerre <strong>de</strong> l'Opium (1840) à la fin <strong>de</strong> la secon<strong>de</strong> guerre <strong>de</strong> l'Opium<br />

(1860), pério<strong>de</strong> où s'int<strong>en</strong>sifi<strong>en</strong>t les exportations <strong>de</strong> soie grège chinoise vers l'Europe ;<br />

II) <strong>de</strong> 1861 à la veille <strong>de</strong> la guerre sino-japonaise ( 1894) : l'implantation <strong><strong>de</strong>s</strong> filatures<br />

mécaniques par les occid<strong>en</strong>taux et les Chinois ; III) <strong>de</strong> 1894 à la chute <strong>de</strong> la dynastie<br />

<strong><strong>de</strong>s</strong> Qing <strong>en</strong> 1911 : les recherches spontanées <strong><strong>de</strong>s</strong> Chinois pour introduire <strong><strong>de</strong>s</strong><br />

<strong>techniques</strong> séricicoles et le métier mécanique.<br />

Abstract<br />

MAU Chuan-Hui : The introduction of the European silk <strong>techniques</strong> to China from<br />

the Opium War to the beginning of the 20 ,h C<strong>en</strong>tury<br />

After the first Opium War and the signature of the Nankin Treaty, China began to<br />

op<strong>en</strong> its doors to Western Powers. The successive signing of other treaties caused a<br />

big change in <strong>Chine</strong>se political and économie circumstances, and brought out the<br />

évolution of <strong>Chine</strong>se thinking. This synthesis study aims to analyze the conséqu<strong>en</strong>ces<br />

of the introduction of European silk <strong>techniques</strong> and the reasons that induced the<br />

<strong>Chine</strong>se to adopt them. Why were the <strong>Chine</strong>se no longer proud of their traditional<br />

industry and how instead did they adopt European <strong>techniques</strong> and equipm<strong>en</strong>ts? This<br />

article is divi<strong>de</strong>d into three parts: I) from the first Opium War (1840) to the <strong>en</strong>d of<br />

the second Opium War (1860), period during which exports of the <strong>Chine</strong>se raw silk<br />

to Europe were int<strong>en</strong>sified; II) from 1861 to the eve of the Sino-Japanese War ( 1894):<br />

the establishm<strong>en</strong>t of spinning mills in China by Westerners and <strong>Chine</strong>se; III) from<br />

1894 to the <strong>en</strong>d of the Qing dynasty in 1911 : the <strong>Chine</strong>ses' spontaneous research to<br />

adopt the European sericultural <strong>techniques</strong> and the Jacquard loom.<br />

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