Measurement of the Z boson cross-section in - Harvard University ...

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Chapter 3: Luminosity Measurement at the LHC and in ATLAS 92 t t m r Figure 3.15: GEANT4 simulation showing an ATLAS BCM station with the four sensors placed symmetrically about the beampipe on the support structure. 2010 running when the mean number of interactions per bunch-crossing was small. A spacepoint-based minimum bias trigger was used to reject bunch-crossings with no interactions. The trigger used spacepoint multiplicity in the silicon detectors to determine whether a hard interaction occurred [70]. The total number of spacepoints in triggered events in a given luminosity block 7 scales with the integrated luminosity, after correction for trigger deadtime and prescales. Primary vertex counting: The number of non-diffractive events per bunch crossing has a Poisson distribution with a mean λ given by: λ = σndLb (3.19) where σnd is the non-diffractive cross-section and Lb is the bunch luminosity. Once σnd at the LHC is measured independently of ATLAS (e.g., using the TOTEM de- 7 A luminosity block is the smallest length of time during which the integrated luminosity can be calculated, with corrections for trigger deadtime and prescales. The exact duration of a luminosity block depends on operational conditions; in particular, the duration must be long enough that the statistical uncertainty in the integrated luminosity measured for the block is smaller than the systematic uncertainty. In the 2010 proton run, 2-minute long blocks were used.
Chapter 3: Luminosity Measurement at the LHC and in ATLAS 93 tector [99]), the mean number of vertices per bunch crossing can be used to estimate bunch-by-bunch luminosity [79]. Resonance counting: The number of resonances of a specific type produced in a run can be used as an estimate of the relative integrated luminosity in that run. Potentially useful physics processes include J/ψ, W , and Z (see Chapter 1). Decay modes into electrons and muons are optimal for this purpose since they are relatively easy to isolate from the background. 3.3.5 Summary Accurate measurement of absolute luminosity is going to be crucial for cross- section estimations at the LHC. In this chapter, we have reviewed the various methods by which luminosity can be measured. We have summarized the theoretical underpinnings of luminosity measurement from machine parameters, and discussed the technologies and the current status of LHC beam monitoring systems which are being used to measure the relevant parameters. We have also given estimates of the accuracy of these monitors. We have presented an overview of several ATLAS subdetectors that contribute to the measurement of both instantaneous and integrated luminosity. For each subsys- tem, we have discussed the basic concepts and the expected measurement accuracy. Additionally, we have given brief overviews of several methods of offline luminosity monitoring.
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Measurement of the Z boson cross-se
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Contents Title Page . . . . . . . .
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Contents vi Electron reconstruction
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List of Figures 1.1 Proton structur
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List of Figures x 6.17 Muon pT scal
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List of Tables xii 6.18 Decompositi
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Acknowledgments xiv mate Niels van
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Chapter 1: Introduction and Theoret
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Chapter 2 The Accelerator and the E
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Chapter 5: Monte Carlo Simulation 1
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Chapter 6 Event Selection After eve
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Chapter 8: Properties of Z bosons a
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Chapter 9: Discussion and Outlook 2
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Appendix A: Event list 245 Candidat
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Appendix A: Event list 247 Candidat
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Appendix B: Comparison of muon curv
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Bibliography 251 [13] S. Ask. Statu
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Bibliography 253 [44] S. Frixione,
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Bibliography 255 [75] N. E. Adam an
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Bibliography 257 [102] The TOTEM Co
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