Measurement of the Z boson cross-section in - Harvard University ...

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Chapter 3: Luminosity Measurement at the LHC and in ATLAS 82 A total of 1058 BPMs are used in the LHC ring: 922 in the main arcs and beam dispersion suppressors, 68 in the interaction regions, 44 in the beam cleaners at IP3 and IP7, and 24 special BPMs for transverse damping and tune and chromaticity measurements at IP4. In addition, the beam transfer lines from the SPS to the LHC contain 100 BPMs. 3.2.5 The BRAN detectors for relative luminosity measurement The BRAN (Beam RAte Neutrals) detectors are relative luminosity monitors installed in the four LHC collision points (IP1, IP2, IP5 and IP8). They reside inside the TAN (Target Absorber Neutrals) on each side of a collision point. Figure 3.9 shows the layout of a collision point and the location of the BRAN monitors. 141 m x 2 Figure 3.9: Layout of Interaction Point 5 (CMS), showing the TAN absorbers and signals in the BRAN monitors (not to scale). The purpose of the BRAN monitors is to provide a relative luminosity estimate for machine optimization, not for use by the experiments to calculate physics cross-
Chapter 3: Luminosity Measurement at the LHC and in ATLAS 83 sections. Hence, calibration for absolute luminosity is not essential. The monitors are used to estimate bunch-to-bunch variation in luminosity, so that they have the bandwidth of individual bunch crossings, namely 40 MHz. The physics process to monitor was chosen to be diffractive events in which at least one incoming proton dissociates into a neutron and other secondary particles. The properties of this process are well known, so that the cross-section at LHC design energies can be estimated with a precision of about 10% [66]. The neutrons are emitted into a small solid angle in the forward direction. Forward- going charged particles from the interaction are deflected away by the dipole magnets D1L and D1R (Figure 3.9), but the neutrons continue in a straight line collinear with the incoming bunches. Detectors placed in a direct flight path from the IP therefore intercept neutral particles only. The BRAN detectors consist of two designs. The BRAN-A, used at IP1 and IP5 (ATLAS and CMS), are pressurized gas ionization chambers installed inside the TAN at a depth where the hadronic energy deposition is maximal (behind ≈ 30 cm of copper [1]). The BRAN-B are cadmium-telluride solid-state detectors used at the low-luminosity interaction points IP2 and IP8. 3.3 Luminosity monitoring in ATLAS From 2011 onward, ATLAS is expected to use ALFA, a fiber tracker installed in Roman Pots, for absolute luminosity calibration. Two other subdetectors, namely LUCID and BCM, can deliver relative luminosity information, LUCID being the detector used for this purpose during the 2010 run. Additionally, a number of methods
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Measurement of the Z boson cross-se
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Contents Title Page . . . . . . . .
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Contents vi Electron reconstruction
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List of Figures 1.1 Proton structur
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List of Figures x 6.17 Muon pT scal
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List of Tables xii 6.18 Decompositi
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Acknowledgments xiv mate Niels van
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Chapter 1: Introduction and Theoret
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Chapter 5: Monte Carlo Simulation 1
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Chapter 6 Event Selection After eve
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Chapter 6: Event Selection 169 Entr
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Chapter 6: Event Selection 177 6.2.
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Chapter 6: Event Selection 189 Reco
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Chapter 6: Event Selection 191 smea
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Chapter 6: Event Selection 193 Firs
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Chapter 7: Background Estimation 20
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Chapter 8: Properties of Z bosons a
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Chapter 9: Discussion and Outlook 2
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Appendix A: Event list 245 Candidat
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Appendix A: Event list 247 Candidat
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Appendix B: Comparison of muon curv
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Bibliography 251 [13] S. Ask. Statu
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Bibliography 253 [44] S. Frixione,
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Bibliography 255 [75] N. E. Adam an
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Bibliography 257 [102] The TOTEM Co
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