Principios de Taxonomia

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7.8 Gene Trees are not Species Trees 204 7.9 The Concepts of Monophyly and Paraphyly cannot be Applied to Species 206 7.10 Paraphyly and Anagenesis are Mixed Classifications 208 7.11 The Cladistic Bifurcation of a Stem Species Always Means the End of the Stem Species 210 7.12 The ‘‘Phylocode’’ 212 8 Outlook 217 References 219 Scientific Terms 229 Index 239 Contents IX
Foreword Do species exist? For Ernst Haeckel, in the midst of nineteenth century, the point was quite easy: In the beginning, there was a plant and an animal. Evolution started extending and varying their principal organizations. Accordingly, species were regarded to be just notes given by man to the continuous flow of evolving life. Classifying man looked for these entities to allow him a qualification of the ongoing diversification of life. Taxonomy, thus, supporting such an evolutionary biology should form out something like a phylogenetic systematics that may outline the quality of that continuing process of evolution in its details. Haeckel did not succeed to from out such a new taxonomy even though he was one of the great taxonomists of the late nineteenth century. In an evolutionary perspective, addressing that continuous flow of evolution, species, thus, could be described only as categories formed by the human mind. With the introduction of population genetics into Darwinism, the situation changed. Genetics allowed to address a certain base of heredity. Accordingly, the continuous flow of evolving forms could be outlined in a much more substantiated way, allowing to address how far genes were established, varied, or deleted in the course of generations. In fact, more and more extending insights into the functional organization of life forms established new ideas about life organization, in general. Thus, today, the situation of taxonomy is far less clear than it was at Haeckel s time. Not only that the last unified common ancestor had to be a prokaryote or we had to address mushrooms and eventually such prokaryotes and some others of such organizations as principally differing basic types of life. We have to integrate morphology, population biology, and molecular genetics and their different accesses toward a species concept. Thus, we have to address the question of what a species really is, again. And we have to clarify several problems: How we can evaluate biological diversity if species do not exist? How we can understand evolution if speciation is not really the motor of ongoing evolutionary development? And how we can compare the accesses of molecular biology, the analysis of palaeontology, cladistics, and morphological analyses directed toward the species concept in one run? In his book, Werner Kunz describes and analyzes all such various interpretations and concepts dealing with species. Thereby, he shows us that the different ideas of Neo-Darwinism, taxonomy, and genetics do not fit into each other. Even worse, he is aware that species have been jXI
Page 2 and 3: Werner Kunz Do Species Exist?
Page 4 and 5: Werner Kunz Do Species Exist? Princ
Page 6 and 7: Contents Foreword XI Preface XV Col
Page 8 and 9: 5.5 Are Carrion Crow and Hooded Cro
Page 12 and 13: XIIj Foreword formed out in various
Page 14 and 15: Preface What is water? You would no
Page 16 and 17: Color Plates Do Species Exist? Prin
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Page 34 and 35: 230j Scientific Terms Autapomorphy
Page 36 and 37: 232j Scientific Terms Gene-flow com
Page 38 and 39: 234j Scientific Terms Monophylum A
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Page 42 and 43: 238j Scientific Terms Universal Uni
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Page 48 and 49: 6j 1 Are Species Constructs of the
Page 50 and 51: 2 Why is there a Species Problem? 2
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Page 56 and 57: These conclusions indeed sound para
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If the species concept is, or even
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2.6 The Constant Change in Evolutio
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2.7 Can a Scientist Work with a Spe
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2.8 The Species as an Intuitive Con
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Contrary to this, it is always auto
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2.9 Taxonomy s Status as a Soft or
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2.11 Sociological Consequences of a
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Races are not populations of indivi
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2.12 Species Pluralism: How Many Sp
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2.12 Species Pluralism: How Many Sp
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2.13 It is One Thing to Identify a
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2.14 The Dualism of the Species Con
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2.14 The Dualism of the Species Con
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3 Is the Biological Species a Class
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3.2 Class Formation and Relational
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3.3 Is the Biological Species a Uni
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3.4 The Difference Between a Group
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3.4 The Difference Between a Group
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3.5 Artificial Classes and Natural
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3.6 The Biological Species Cannot b
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3.7 The Biological Species as a Hom
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3.9 The Linnaean System is Based on
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3.10 Comparison of the System of Or
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3.11 The Relational Properties of t
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68j 4 What are Traits in Taxonomy?
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94j 5 Diversity within the Species:
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100j 5 Diversity within the Species
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128j 6 Biological Species as a Gene
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7 The Cohesion of Organisms Through
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7.2 The Problem of Displaying the P
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level of organisms with the next-hi
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Figure 7.4 Classification of organi
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7.4 How is a Cladistic Bifurcation
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7.5 Descent is not the Same Thing a
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Figure 7.7 Paraphyletic classificat
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7.6 Why are Paraphyla used Despite
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Figure 7.8 Phylogenetic trees at di
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Figure 7.10 Gene trees are not spec
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7.9 The Concepts of Monophyly and P
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7.10 Paraphyly and Anagenesis are M
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7.11 The Cladistic Bifurcation of a
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7.12 The Phylocode j213 Thus, if th
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7.12 The Phylocode j215 Figure 7.13
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8 Outlook What is a species? The an
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Index a aberration 96 Acinonyx juba
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essence 45, 46, 56, 58, 64, 65 esse
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Old World Ruddy Duck 150 Old World
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v vague boundaries 21, 184 vaguenes
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Principios de Taxonomia

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